Chapter 6 life span

Which is an example of parallel play?

children playing with similar toys, but not together

_____ theory explains gender differences through the concept of gender schema, or children's understanding of sex roles and differences.

cognitive

The researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. What is one of those dimensions?

communication

Young children are often _____ about the sexual differences.

confused

Rosa and Aisha are playing with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. Which type of play are they engaging in?

cooperative

A primary prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to:

decrease financial instability of families in high-risk situations.

Sigmund Freud believed the purpose of identification was to:

defend one's self-concept.

Children who master _____ have learned when and how to express emotions.

emotional regulation

One of the most outstanding psychosocial accomplishments between the ages of 2 and 6 is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

emotional regulation

Shawn is 5 years old. When he is angry, he can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When he is sad, he can express this and can be consoled. Shawn seems to have mastered: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

emotional regulation

A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" in order to:

encourage empathy

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their children to exhibit self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expectations for maturity

A student who works hard to achieve good grades for the sole purpose of pleasing his parents would be said to have:

extrinsic motivation

Tommy is 4 years old. He is MOST likely to model his sex roles after his:

father

Suzy is 4 years old. She likes to play with dolls, wear dresses, and pretend she is a princess. These preferences are reflective of her:

gender

Culture dictates _____ differences, while biology determines _____ differences.

gender;sex

In terms of sex and gender differences, 2-year-old Aaron would MOST likely know:

how to correctly label males and females

Which statement is TRUE about imaginary friends?

imaginary friends meet some of the psychosocial needs of children

Between ages 2 and 6, instrumental aggression _____ in frequency. Over this period, reactive aggression _____.

increases; decreases

Reese is 4 years old. Over the last few years, she has been excitedly learning new skills and trying new things. Reese feels confident in her ability to do almost anything and has been fairly successful in learning these skills. She can tie her shoes, knows all her colors and the alphabet, and loves playing tag with her siblings. Erik Erikson would MOST likely say that Reese is developing:

initiative

Of the four types of aggression described in the text, _____ aggression is probably the least "personal."

instrumental

Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to get a toy away from him. Tim is probably demonstrating _____ aggression.

instrumental

A drive that comes from inside a person is called:

intrinsic motivation

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes his or her foster parent is called _____ care.

kinship

Among 1- to 5-year-olds, the level of lead in the blood is _____ correlated with family income.

negatively

With respect to caregiving, uninvolved is to indulgent as _____ is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

neglectful; permissive

People who believe that morality is completely molded by culture favor the _____ view of development.

nurture

Researcher Diana Baumrind traced the effects of _____ on child development, and her findings continue to be very influential. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

parenting

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents tend to have high nurturance and low expectations of maturity.

permissive

_____ parents are very involved in their children's lives but set few limits, while _____ parents are strikingly unaware of what their children are doing. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

permissive; neglectful

What discipline technique is considered a human rights violation and is therefore illegal in many countries around the world?

physical punishment

Five-year-old Edward approaches a new student in his school and invites him to join in a game he is playing with other children. Edward is displaying:

prosocial behavior

Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you, you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This discipline technique is:

psychological control

Between ages 2 and 6, instrumental aggression increases in frequency. Over this period, _____ aggression decreases in frequency.

reactive

Leo punches Alan after Alan accidentally tripped Leo on the playground. Leo's aggression would be described as:

reactive

Six-year-old Genevieve gets angry at her classmate, Ava, and tells Ava that she is not going to be invited to anyone's birthday parties. Genevieve is engaged in what type of aggression?

relational

Which is an example of tertiary prevention of child maltreatment?

removing an abused child from the home

Georgia's teacher notices large bruises on her arms and legs over a period of a few weeks. When she asks Georgia about these marks, Georgia refuses to talk about it. Georgia's teacher contacts family services and tells them that she suspects the girl is being abused. At this point, before an investigation has taken place, Georgia's condition is known as:

reported maltreatment

What was a limitation of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

she overlooked children's temperamental differences

Ari, Harley, and Wilson are playing a game about dragons and knights. It is their job as the noble knights to slay the evil dragons. They are engaging in _____ play.

sociodramatic

Gina and Tim frequently engage in games of make-believe, often pretending they are the mommy and daddy, animals, or heroes. This _____ play helps Gina and Tim to develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context.

sociodramatic

Grace and Tabitha, both 4 years old, pretend to be Cinderella and Snow White and act out a story. They are engaging in _____ play.

sociodramatic

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ is the caregiving dimension reflecting how parents explain, criticize, punish, and persuade.

strategies for parenting

Calling an ambulance is an example of _____ prevention.

teritary

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this:

the Oedipus complex

Physical punishment such as slapping and spanking is used more with _____ than on children of any other age group.

young children

Diana Baumrind identified _____ parenting styles.

3

Induction

When parents explain to children why their behavior was wrong

Gender schema refers to

a child's understanding of sex differences.

What is identification? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else

According to some longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were:

authoritative

Which action is NOT something parents of young children should do to decrease the risk of harm from lead?

decrease their children's calcium consumption

Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is called:

rough-and-tumble

Improved emergency room procedures are an example of _____ prevention.

tertiary

By the age of _____, children are LESS likely to throw temper tantrums than they were at an earlier age.

5

In _____ percent of the cases in which a child is officially considered abused or neglected, the perpetrator is the child's biological parent.

90

What was a limitation of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles?

Diana Baumrind did not realize that some permissive parents provide extensive verbal guidance.

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be MOST influential is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Diana Baumrind.

_____ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, and _____ is dislike or even hatred for another person.

Empathy; antipathy

How does behavioral theory explain gender differences?

Gender roles are learned as a result of ongoing reinforcement and punishment, as well as social learning.

How does cognitive theory explain gender differences and sex role development?

Gender roles are the result of children's gender schema, or their understanding of sex differences.

Control of pride is most emphasized in

Japan

Diana Baumrind would support which statement about permissive parents?

Permissive parents are quite nurturing.

_____ prevention of child maltreatment involves spotting the warning signs of child maltreatment and intervening to keep a risky situation from getting worse.

Secondary

According to the text, in which country are children MOST encouraged to control their fear?

The United States

Which statement about discipline is TRUE?

The types of discipline used depend on the values of the family and culture

What is intrinsic motivation?

a drive that comes from inside a person

The feeling of dislike or even hatred for another person is:

anitpathy

Donny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Donny is displaying:

antisocial behavior

In which of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles are parents more likely to use physical punishment? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

authoritarian

Hailey's parents demand her strict obedience; "backtalk" is not tolerated. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

Consider child-to-parent and parent-to-child communication. Communication is high in both directions in _____ caregiving.

authoritative

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set loving limits for their children, while _____ parents can be harsh and rigid.

authoritative; authoritarian

The textbook notes that maturation, learning, and culture all influence emotional regulation. This suggests that emotional regulation is BEST understood using a(n) _____ model.

biopsychosocial

Child-to-parent communication is high in _____ caregiving.

both permissive and authoritative

Researcher Diana Baumrind identified three _____ styles. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

caregiving

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being is the definition of:

child abuse