chapter 6 nutrition
RDA requirements for proteins
0.8g/kilogram of healthy body weight for adults higher needs in infants, pregnant/lactating women, after injury, athletes
Which of the following food items provides the highest amount of protein? 1 cup milk ½ cup rice 1 egg a slice of bread
1 cup of milk
protein ADMR
10-35% of calories
dipeptide
2 amino acids bonded together
1/2 cup of pasta, rice, or cereal
2-3g of protein
1 slice of bread
2g of protein
tripeptide
3 amino acids bonded together
Which of the following groups requires the least protein per kilogram of body weight? 35 year-old men pregnant women 4 month-old infants 3 year-old children
35 year-old men
1/2 cup of nuts or seeds
5-10g of protein
1/2 cup of legumes
6-10g of protein
one egg
7g of protein
1 cup of milk
8g of protein
complimentary proteins
Combining 2 plant foods to create a complete protein is methionine+cysteine ( grains, nuts, seeds, rice, bread)=lysine (legumes, tofu, beans)
negative nitrogen balance
Condition occurring when the body excretes more nitrogen than it takes in. nitrogen intake<nitrogen output associated with starvation, burns, surgery, infections, fevers
nonvegetarian
Eats all types of animal products
ovo-vegetarian
Person who consumes all vegan food items plus eggs.
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Person who consumes all vegan items plus dairy products and eggs.
Which statement is most accurate in regard to the composition of plant foods as compared to animal foods? Plant foods provide fiber, and most of the saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat; animal foods provide the B vitamins, iron, zinc, and saturated fat. Plant foods provide most of the B vitamins, fiber, phytochemicals, and monounsaturated fat; animal foods provide B vitamins, iron, zinc and saturated fat. Plant foods provide most of the B vitamins, fiber, and saturated fat; animal foods provide the B vitamins, iron, zinc, and saturated fat. Plant foods provide most of the B vitamins, fiber, and monounsaturated fat; animal foods provide the B vitamins fiber, iron, zinc, and saturated fat.
Plant foods provide most of the B vitamins, fiber, phytochemicals, and monounsaturated fat; animal foods provide B vitamins, iron, zinc and saturated fat.
legumes
Plants with seed pods, includes peas, peanuts, beans, soybeans, lentils
complete proteins
Proteins containing all the essential amino acids; found only in soy and animal foods (meats and dairy products)
Which of the following individuals is likely using body protein for energy? Sue, who is on a very low calorie diet. Bob, who is 20 pounds overweight. Michael, a student who snacks on chips and soda to stay awake and study. Sylvia, a pregnant woman.
Sue, who is on a very low calorie diet.
What is a peptide bond?
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl (acid) group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
If a protein enzyme is formed incorrectly, slightly altering its three-dimensional shape, what might happen? The reaction where this enzyme is needed will not be effected. The reaction where this enzyme is needed will not proceed efficiently. The receptor for this enzyme will not change but will accept another unrelated enzyme for the reaction to proceed. The receptor for this enzyme will alter its shape to accommodate the enzymes new shape.
The reaction where this enzyme is needed will not proceed efficiently.
Which one of the following statements about children with kwashiorkor is false? Their fat stores are completely depleted. They are more susceptible to infections than healthy children. They have swollen bellies. They have hair color changes.
Their fat stores are completely depleted.
In developing countries, why is protein-energy malnutrition more common in children than in adults? When a baby is born, the toddler is no longer breast-fed. Due to lactose intolerance. Children have a lower protein requirement by weight than adults. Food is not shared equitably with children.
When a baby is born, the toddler is no longer breast-fed.
Which of the following proteins has contractile properties? actin antibodies collagen hemoglobin
actin
food intolerances
adverse reactions not caused by an allergic response
examples of nonessential amino acids
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine
linear shape
allows muscles to change shape during contraction
denaturation
alteration of a protein's tree-dimensional structure due to agitation, heat, acid and basic conditions
digestion and absorption
amino acids are absorbed into the mucosal cells of small intestine di and tri peptides are further broken down into single amino acids single amino acids then pass into the blood and are brought to the liver
What happens with excess energy intake?
amino acids are used for energy if protein intake and calorie intake exceed needs, extra amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA and used to make fatty acids
amino acid pool
amino acids available for use in the body come from diet or breakdown of body proteins used to make other proteins or chemicals used to provide energy or make glucose or fatty acids
food allergies
an adverse immune response to a specific food protein
celiac disease
autoimmune disease- gluten found in wheat, rye, and barley causes immune system to attack the villi in the small intestine
What happens with low energy intake?
body proteins are broken down to amino acids which generate ATP or synthesize glucose
using proteins for energy
body proteins broken down when energy needs are not met denanimation removes the amino group (NH2) C, H, O can be broken down to produce ATP or used to make glucose or fatty acids
What are amino acids?
building blocks of proteins
How are extra amino acids used?
cannot be stored as amino acids used for energy or converted to fatty acids to be stored as fat
proteins provide structure in
cells (cell membrane, organelles, cytosol) body parts (skin, hair, ligaments, tendons, bones)
protein energy malnutrition
characterized by loss of muscle and fat mass and an increased susceptibility to infection that results from the long term consumption of insufficient amounts of energy and/or protein to meet the body's needs kwashiorkor or marasmus
digestion in stomach
chemical digestion begins HCl denatures proteins HCl activates pepsin (an enzyme) pepsin breaks some peptide bonds
digestion in small intestine
chemical digestion continues pancreatic enzymes and enzymes in microvilli of the intestine further break down polypeptides for absorption majority of protein digestion occurs here
Protein-energy malnutrition is more common in children than in adults because children need more energy per unit of body weight than adults. children need more fats and carbohydrates as compared to adults. children need more protein and energy per unit of body weight than adults. children need more protein per unit of body weight than adults.
children need more protein and energy per unit of body weight than adults.
All of these treatments can lead to the denaturation of protein EXCEPT: heat. acid. agitation. cold.
cold
proteins contribute to immunity/protection
contribute to skin barrier participate in blood clotting form antibodies
acidic and basic conditions denaturation
denaturation of the amylase enzyme when it enters acidic environment in the stomach diabetic ketoacidosis
Cooking an egg white is an example of ____________ a protein. deaminating transaminating denaturing hydrogenating
denaturing
reasons to comsume plant-based diet
economics, religion, health concerns, personal ethics, environmental awareness
collegen
elongated shape of protein that gives strength to tendons and ligaments
Which of the following is made from amino acids? triglycerides glycogen lecithin cholesterol enzymes
enzymes
All of the following are correct about protein digestion and absorption EXCEPT: amino acids can compete with each other for absorption across the small intestine and into the body. amino acid absorption involves transport systems that require energy. enzymes for protein digestion come from the liver. stomach acid activates the protein digesting enzyme known as pepsin.
enzymes for protein digestion come from the liver.
Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body in sufficient amounts are called
essentail amino acids
shape of protein
essential to its function elongated, spherical, linear
pescetarian
excludes all animal meats except fish
When extra protein is consumed, it is stored in the muscles for later use. true or false
false
Which of the following is found in plant foods and not animal foods? zinc protein calcium fiber
fiber
Which of the following is least likely to be low in a vegan diet? calcium vitamin D iron fiber vitamin B12
fiber
Which of the following can be acutely life threatening? food allergies food intolerance celiac disease high protein diets
food allergies
plant protein
grains, nuts, legumes low in saturated fat and cholesterol high in fiber, phytochemicals, unsaturated fat
examples of essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
amino acid structure
hydrogen acid group amino group unique side chain
Instructions for synthesizing a protein are located where?
in the nucleus, transcription between DNA to mRNA
protein synthesis
instructions for making every protein in a person's body are transmitted by genetic information received at conception genetic info is filed in DNA DNA is in the nucleus of each cell includes transcription and translation
Vegetarians are at greater risk for the following micronutrient deficiencies potassium and vitamin C. vitamin C and vitamin E. iron and vitamin B12. niacon and folate.
iron and vitamin B12.
A limiting amino acid is always nonessential. is the amino acid needed for protein synthesis that is not supplied in a sufficient amount by food. is the amino acid in food that is the hardest for the body to absorb. undergoes transamination to form a new amino acid.
is the amino acid needed for protein synthesis that is not supplied in a sufficient amount by food.
All of the following are correct about kwashiorkor EXCEPT it is characterized by a swollen belly. it is due to a dietary protein deficiency. it is due to insufficient Calories. it leads to poor immune function.
it is due to insufficient Calories
Consuming too much protein may be harmful to which organ? liver kidneys pancreas gall bladde
kidneys
Which of the following is NOT a good example of protein complementation? sunflower seeds and peanuts rice and beans chickpeas and sesame seeds corn and rice mango and rice
mango and rice
Polypeptide
many amino acids joined together
animal proteins
meat, eggs, dairy high in saturated fat and cholesterol
digestion in mouth
mechanical digestion begins when chewing breaks down the food
most common allergies
milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish
proteins transport
move proteins in blood and across membranes
What element is found in amino acids but not in glucose and triglycerides? carbon nitrogen phosphorous oxygen hydrogen
nitrogen
Which of the following values for nitrogen intake and output are most likely to belong to a healthy 9-year-old boy? nitrogen in = 14 g, nitrogen out = 16 g nitrogen in = 15 g, nitrogen out = 15 g nitrogen in = 14 g, nitrogen out = 10 g nitrogen in = 20 g, nitrogen out = 22 g
nitrogen in = 14 g, nitrogen out = 10 g
nitrogen balance
nitrogen in = nitrogen out
vegan
no animal products
Semivegetarian
occasional red meat, fish and poultry as wells as dairy products and eggs
translation
on the ribosome, mRNA specifies the sequence in which the amino acids line up to make the protein Transfer the RNA collect amino acids from the cell fluid and take them to the mRNA when completed, protein strand is released
The amino acid colored ____________ would be considered the most limiting for the synthesis of this specific protein. yellow green orange red blue
orange
3 oz of meat
over 20g of protein
Marasmus
overall energy deficiency
Sam is going to the gym every other day and is increasing his muscle mass by lifting weights. He is most likely experiencing nitrogen balance. negative nitrogen balance. positive nitrogen balance. none of the choices are correct.
positive nitrogen balance.
gene expression
process of using info information in genes to make proteins influenced by genetic background and nutrients
heat denaturation
processing and cooking, the hardening of an egg when cooked fever
nutrients of concern in vegetarians
protein, iron, vitamin B-12 which is only found in animal foods
incomplete proteins
proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids includes most plant proteins can be supplemented with complementary proteins
Which of the following is NOT an essential function of protein? Part of the body's defense mechanism. Helps regulate fluid balance. Provides energy. Helps form structures like skin and hair
provides energy
protein functions
provides structure, acts as an enzyme, transport, contribute to immunity/protection, aid in movement, some are hormones, help regulate fluid balance, provide energy
Kwashiorkor
pure protein deficiency
benefits of plant-based diets
reduce risk of chronic disease such as diabtes, obesity, cancers, hypertension less saturated fats higher in fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, phytochemicals
Which meal is an example of protein complementation? whole grain cereal, nonfat milk, and banana green salad with cucumbers and tomatoes rice and bean burrito sweet potato, butter, and a green salad
rice and bean burrito
transcription
section of DNA is used as a template to make mRNA mRNA carries the code out of the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome
hemoglobin
spherical shape of the protein that contributes to the proper functioning of red blood cells
agitation denaturation
stiffening of egg whites when they are whipped
Unlike other nutrients, chemical digestion of proteins begins in the mouth. esophagus. stomach. small intestine
stomach
The digestive tract where chemical digestion of protein occurs
stomach and small intestine
Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus on the chromosomes. takes place on ribosomes in the nucleus. takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. occurs in the mitochondria
takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
positive nitrogen balance
the body make more protein than it breaks down nitrogen intake>nitrogen output occurs in pregnant/lactating women, growing children, people gaining weight or muscle mass
limiting amino acids
the essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration relative to the body's need
All of the following are correct about protein structure EXCEPT: the final protein molecule always consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain. the order of the amino acids determine how the polypeptide folds. polypeptide chains may contain hundreds of amino acids. the shape of a protein is essential to its function.
the final protein molecule always consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain.
deanimation
the removal of amino group (Nitrogen) from amino acid removed amino group converted to ammonia, the urea, which is excreted in urine
Which of the following is the unique part of an amino acid? the acid group the side chain the amino group the peptide bond
the side chain
Which part of this amino acid will differ, depending on the particular amino acid?
the side chain
Which of the following is considered a complete dietary protein? whole grain rice broccoli spaghetti tofu
tofu
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet. true or false
true
When amino acids are broken down to generate energy or synthesize glucose, the amino group must be removed. What waste product is generated from it? ketones urea free fatty acids carbon dioxide oxygen
urea
It is more important for a _________ to focus on incorporating complementary protein sources in his/her diet than someone who is __________. lacto-ovo vegetarian, vegan semi vegetarian, vegan vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian semi vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian
vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian
lacto-vegetarian
vegetarian who includes milk and cheese products in the diet
possible deficiencies of plant based diets
vitamin and mineral deficiencies