Chapter 6: Part 2

Yes

Do the size and number of intracellular structures differ between cells with different functions?

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts unique among all other organelles in terms of their structure and characteristics? Why?

"They came from prokaryotic cells that became in contact with a cell. They worked well together until the prokaryotic cell lost their basic functions in the end." Mitochondria has many similarities to the prokaryotic cell.

Golgi and plasma membrane

After the Golgi does its work on the molecules inside the sac, a secretory vesicle is created and released into the cytoplasm. From there, the vesicle moves to the cell membrane and the molecules are released out of the cell.

Which unique organelles are found in a plant cell?

Cell wall, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts.

How do lysosomes differ from vesicles?

Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi body. They're membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes, and digest worn out organelles of ingest material. Vesicles are membrane bound organelles that carry export material to the cell membrane for secretion via exocytosis.

Compare and contrast the smooth and rough ER in terms of structure and function.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) makes macromolecules. Rough ER does protein folding. Smooth ER has a metabolism of lipids and carbs, detoxification, and store calcium ions. Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface. The double membranes of smooth and rough ER form sacs called cisternae. When enough proteins have been synthesized, they collect and are pinched off in vesicles.

Microtubule and Motor proteins vs. Actin and Microfilament Reorganization

Microtubule -tracks with motor proteins (dynein & kinesin) "Walking" Microfilaments - actin polymerization (made of actin) "Shoots things around the cell" Faster and has more energy

Describe the three cytoskeletal ehlements, their functions, and basic structure. Identify the primary protein in each. What technique can scientists use to examine each of these elements in cells? How are these structures utilized in mediating movement of substances through the cell and cell movement in unicellular organisms?

Microtubules are made of tubulin. Hollow rods from globular proteins. Shape, movement, and support of the cell Microfilaments are made of actin. Thin, twisted double chain Gives cell shape, muscle contraction, movement, and division of animal cells Intermediate filaments are made of keratin. fibrous strands Cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and other organelles

Alzheimer's disease is caused from a buildup of misfolded proteins. Where would his problem occur in the cell? What organelle is most likely to help remove degraded proteins that have been misfolded?

Rough ER; Lysosomes to breakdown material

Which of the following cells will have more rough than smooth ER? Why? Will it have more bound or free ribosomes?

Secretory cells are making large amounts of enzymes, which are proteins, they would need a large number of ribosomes to translate tRNA to protein, lots of rough endoplasmic reticulum to fold the protein and many golgi to prepare and package the proteins for secretion. More Bound ribosomes

adipose cells

Specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat. 1. contain large fat droplets, only a small amount of cytoplasm, and flattened, non-centrally 2. contain fat droplets of differing size, a large amount of cytoplasm, numerous mitochondria, and round, centrally located nuclei.

Golgi and ER

The Golgi complex works closely with the rough ER. When a protein is made in the ER, something called a transition vesicle is made. This vesicle or sac floats through the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus and is absorbed.

ER and nucleus

The process of protein synthesis starts when mRNA moves from the nucleus to a ribosome on the surface of the Rough ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain. When the proteins are complete, they collect and the RER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus. Some of the proteins will be used in the cell and some will be sent out into intercellular space.

Diagram the movement of a newly synthesized protein through the secretory pathway, identifying each level of protein structure as it is synthesized.

secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo.

blood cells

transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood regulating body temperature red blood cells have no nucleus and can easily change shape, helping them fit through the various blood vessels in your body. However, while the lack of a nucleus makes a red blood cell more flexible, it also limits the life of the cell as it travels through the smallest blood vessels, damaging the cell's membranes and depleting its energy supplies.