Chapter 6: Photosynthesis
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
ATP- adenosine triphosphate ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate
What do the initials ADP and ATP stand for?
N- nicotinamide A- Adenine D- dinudeotide P- phosphate H-hydorgen
What does NADPH stand for?
When the 3rd phosphate is removed from ATP=ADP. This is important to the cell because energy is released and also in cell work
What happens to make ATP become ADP? Why is this important for the life of the cell?
Oxygen
What is not required for photosynthesis?
carbon fixation: 3 CO2+ 3 RuBP (5-C sugar)-> molecules of 3-C compound called 3-PGA
What is the name of Step 1 of the Calvin Cycle?
stroma of the chloroplast
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
stomata are openings or pores on the underside of a leaf where what enters and what exits?
Stomata
carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis. How does the plant acquire this?
Chemiosmosis
the diffusion of ions through a semi-permeable membrane
an electron transport chain
the function of the PEA is to capture a light excited electron from chlorophyll a and pass it to what?
in the thylakoid membrane
the light reactions occur where?
pigment molecule
the light reactions start when what in photosynthesis II absorbs a photon of light which "exits" one of the pigment's electron
mesophyll
chloroplast are most concentrated in what layer of the leaf?
Photosynthesis
chloroplasts are organelles found in most plants and cells and certain unicellular organisms where what takes place?
oxygen and food
life on earth is dependent on photosynthesis for what two things?
1. solar energy (light) 2. carbon dioxide 3. water
list the three inputs of photosynthesis
the leaves, but any green part of the plant may be photosynthetic
most photosynthesis occurs where?
cellular respiration
plants use some of the glucose they make for what?
Stomata
pores on the underside of the leaf that let carbon dioxide into the leaf
light
the original energy source for photosynthesis is what?
NADPH
the primary electron acceptor captures the excited e and passes it on to a short ETC, which will generate what?
Glucose
A 6-carbon sugar that cells use for energy
photosynthesis
Cellular respiration are the reactants of what?
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in clusters called what?
adenine, ribose, phosphate groups
Describe the three parts of ADP/ATP molecule
3rd phosphate is bonded to ADP. Energy is stored in bonds. Energy comes from oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration.
How does ADP become ATP? Where does this energy come from?
2
How many phosphate groups are in ADP?
3
How many phosphate groups are in ATP?
an electron
In photosynthesis I a photon of light energy exties what which jumps to the reaction center?
chlorophyll molecules
In photosynthesis light energy is absorbed by what?
ATP and NADPH
In the light reactions energy flows from where?
1. Protein Synthesis 2. Photosynthesis 3. Muscular contraction 4. Active transport and cell division.
List the four cellular activities that would require the energy of ATP
inputs ATP+NADPH and outputs G3P
List the inputs and outputs of the Calvin Cycle
Autotroph
Organisms that can make their own food
CO2
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are involved in the carbon cycle because plants use what from the atmosphere and convert it to organic compounds.
cellular respiration
Photosynthesis are reactants of what?
1. Photosynthesis II 2. ATP-producing electron transport chain 3. Photosystem I 4. NADPH-producing electron transport chain
Steps of Light Reactions:
False
T/F: ATP is very energy poor and ADP is very energy rich
False
T/F: All parts of the plant are capable of carrying out photosynthesis
False
T/F: Carbon Dioxide is produced during photosynthesis?
False
T/F: Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs but autotrophs do not depend on heterotrophs.
True
T/F: Photosynthesis is the process of trapping the sun's energy in order to make molecules of glucose
False
T/F: The primary photosynthetic cells of a leaf are the spongy cells
It doesn't require light but it does require the products of the light reacants.
The Calvin Cycle is also called the Light Dependant Reactants because the cycle does not require what but does require the what of the light reactants?
It is regenerated to use again
The Calvin Cycle is called a cycle because the starting molcule RuBP is what to be used again.
ATP, NADPH, frome light reactants and carbon dioxide from the air
The Inputs of the Calvin Cycle are what from the light reactants and what from the air?
ATP and NADPH
The flow of energy in photosynthesis starts with light energy, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of what?
G3P
The output of the Calvin Cycle is a 3-carbon sugar which will be used to make glucose
use water and release oxygen
These reactions use what and release what?
Light reactions: Harvest light energy to produce ATP and NADPH Calvin Cycle: uses products of the light reactions to make glucose
Two stages of photosynthesis
cellular respiration
What by Both producers and consumers uses organic compound compounds and releases CO2 into the atmoosphere
ATP synthesis
a molecule built into the membrane that produces ATP from ADP as H+ ions pass through
NADPH+
accepts electrons at the end of the ETC to form NADPH, which will be used to make sugar in the Calvin Cycle
pigment
any substance that absorbs light
pumps hydrogen ions
excited electrons move (fall) along the electron transport chain, energy is released and used to pump what across the membrane to establish a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane
reflex green light
how does chlorophyll make a plant appear to be green?
visible light
the small part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
Pholem
this carries food out of the leaf to all other parts of the plant
Xylem
this carries water to the leaves from the roots
the thylakoid membrane
two photo-systems are built into the what?
Roots
water is required for photosynthesis. How does the plant acquire this?
water, carbon dioxide, and light energy
what is required for photosynthesis
If ADP needs more energy it already has some stored
what is significant in the third phosphate in ATP?
The Use of 3 ATP's to regenerate RuBP from the 5 remaining G3P molecules
what is step 4 of the Calvin Cycle?
The release of 1 molecule of teh sugar G3P. Two G3Ps can be combined and rearranged to make 1 glucose molecule.
what is step three of the calvin cycle?
Reduction: 6 ATP+ 6 NADPH are used to make 6 molecules of 3-C sugars called G3P
what is step two of the Calvin Cycle?
Autotrophs produce their own food and heterotrophs consume food from others. Example: auto being a tree and hetero being a human.
what is the difference in the way autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain energy?
CO2+H2O->C6H12O6+O2 energy
what is the equation for photosynthesis? How does the plant obtain each of the reactants.
Glucose
what is the food produced by photosynthesis
Palisades cell
what is the name of the cells in the lead that are primary photosynthesis layer of the leaf?
mesophyll
what is the name of the middle portion of the leaf?
Cuticle
what is the name of the waxy layer found on the upper and lower surface of a leaf?
ADP is poor in energy and ATP is rich in energy
what is the role of these molecules (ADP) (ATP) inside a cell?
sunlight
what is the ultimate source of energy for all living things on Earth?
Stomata
what plant structure controls the passage of H20 out of the plant and CO2 into the plant?
leaves, roots, stems, or fruit.
where do plants store excess glucose?
they emit carbon dioxide
why do autotrophs depend on heterotrophs?
Its the ultimate source of all the oxygen we breathe and all the food we eat.
why is photosynthesis so important?
for water loss
why is this waxy layer necessary?
when the stomata opens water vapor escapes the leaf and too much water vapor will cause it to wilt and die.
why might the stomata be called "necessary evils"?
