Chapter 6 Psychology, Psychology Chapter 5, Psychology Chapter 2, Chapter 1

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a..

Biopsychologist

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a fae will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of...

Gestalt psychology

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ____ psychology.

Industrial-organizational

_________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A.) Jane Goodall B.) Sigmund Freud C.) Suzanne Fanger D.) Tatiana Hogan

Jane Goodall

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer

Psychology refers to the..

Scientific study of the mind and behavior

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area....

Social psychology

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying____.

Thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of the nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.) fixed interval B.) fixed ratio C.) variable interval D.) variable ratio

fixed interval

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A.) corneal B.) acoustic C.) optic D.) gustatory

optic

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed the screen, about one-third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept? A.) bottom-up processing B.) inattentional blindness C.) sensory adaptation D.) top-down processing

inattentional blindness

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A.) cones B.) fovea C.) lens D.) rods

cones

Light waves are first transmitted through the _________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the __________before shining onto the retina. A.) cornea; pupil B.) sclera; lens C.) lens; sclera D.) pupil; cornea

cornea

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months? A.) correlation B.) sequential C.) cross-sectional D.) longitudinal

cross-sectional

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the _______ variable. A.) independent B.) dependent C.) correlational D.) experimental

independent

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the _________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A.) control; experimental B.) dependent; independent C.) experimental; control D.) independent; dependent

independent; dependent

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

In the study of personality, the ___ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and..

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A.) afterimage B.) preimage C.) binocular image D.) monocular image

afterimage

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ___________.

an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A.) attrition B.) experimenter bias C.) generalizability D.) single blinding

attrition

Which of the following is an example of instinct? A.) baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked B.) believing that nudity is wrong C.) a teacher demonstrating algebra to students D.) a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A.) In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. B.) In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C.) In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D.) Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower threshold.

in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

_________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A.) attrition B.) inter-rater reliability C.) a control group D.) validity

inter-rater reliability

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives, she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably experiencing from

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while sleeping

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design A.) cross sectional B.) experimental C.) longitudinal D.) survey

longitudinal

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness. A.) sensorineural B.) night C.) foveal D.) conductive

night

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior is associated with consequences. Which kind of learning is this? A.) classical conditioning B.) imitation C.) modeling D.) operant conditioning

operant conditioning

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A.) continuous B.) partial C.) primary D.) secondary

partial

The ________ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. A.) Rhino B.) Placebo C.) Rorschach D.) Cosmos

placebo

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ______. A.) validity B.) reliability C.) standardization D.) operationalization

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A.) inter-rater reliability B.) standardization C.) replication D.) validity

replication

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows -- the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A.) cones B.) fovea C.) iris D.) rods

rod

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A.) acquisition B.) learning C.) reinforcement D.) shaping

shaping

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.

Cocaine is considered a _________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of _________. A.) operant conditioning B.) stimulus discrimination C.) stimulus generalization D.) higher-order conditioning

stimulus discrimination

_________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A.) archival research B.) case studies C.) surveys D.) university experiments

surveys

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The _________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A.) nociception B.) proprioception C.) somatosensation D.) vestibular

vestibular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical psychology

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ____ trait.

Conscientiousness

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of __________. A.) extinction B.) stimulus discrimination C.) stimulus generalization D.) spontaneous recovery

stimulus generalization

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _____ psychology.

Developmental

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between two contexts. This is an example of _________. A.) Merkel's theory B.) the law of thermoception C.) the principle of transduction D.) Weber's law

Weber's Law

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you're easily able to distinguish her from the whiteboard behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _________. A.) binoculary disparity B.) similarity C.) good continuation D.) a figure-ground relationship

a figure-ground relationship

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? A.) consistency B.) applicability C.) accuracy D.) repetition

accuracy

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking a violent action against another character

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of _________. A.) confirmation bias B.) confounding variable C.) correlational research D.) observer bias

confirmation bias

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.) continuous B.) partial C.) primary D.) secondary

continuous

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by _________.

darkness;light

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A.) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room. B.) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C.) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student. D.) rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinfrocement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables.

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student.

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A.) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the da instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B.) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C.) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D.) playing the slot machine

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _________ learning. A.) conditioned B.) latent C.) partial D.) primary

latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word _________. A.) learned B.) instinctive C.) reflexive D.) reactive

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the _________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the __________. A.) cornea; iris B.) fovea; lens C.) iris retina D.) lens; fovea

lens;fovea

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding...

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A.) deciding that you want to be a parent B.) jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship C.) addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised D.) the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Psychological knowledge is advances through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. A) deductive reasoning B) inductive reasoning C) the experiment D) the scientific method

the scientific method

_________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. A.) binocular B.) opponent C.) monocular D.) trichromatic

Binocular

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Forensic

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? A.) It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. B.) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. C.) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. D.) It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing _________ sleep.

REM

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by...

Studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

The theorist who discussed our ability to perceive a change in a stimulus as being relative to the amount of change versus the intensity of the original stimulus was ______________. A.) Weber B.) Klein C.) Skinner D.) Pavlov

Weber

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which individual wrote Principles of Psysiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A.) associative B.) instinctive C.) processual D.) reflexive

associative

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a women named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A.) attention B.) friendship C.) habit D.) mood

attention

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A.) can sometimes be tested with animal studies B.) can only be examined using a descriptive or correlational approach C.) are used to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive D.) are not possible to test with any form of empirical methods

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Alcohol is considered a _________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

_________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware and the other half turned in to the hypnotist

dissociative

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A.) control B.) double-blind C.) pilot D.) randomly assigned

double-blind

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A.) explaining the hypothesis to the participants B.) letting participation is voluntary C.) obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor. D.) reviewing that data is confidential

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greets her when she enters the house is an example of ___________. A.) acquisition B.) conditioning C.) extinction D.) learning

extinction

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Smaek may have _________.

narcolepsy

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _________. A.) negative punishment B.) negative reinforcement C.) positive punishment D.) positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

A negative correlation means _________. A.) a third variable eliminates a correlation relationship B.) one variable decreases as the other decreases C.) there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D.) two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

one variable decreases as the other decreases

__________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A.) classical B.) operant C.) primary D.) secondary

primary

_______ are the most common used species for animal research. A.) elephants B.) birds C.) cats and dogs D.) rodents

rodents

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from all the other voices. This illustrates ____________. A.) absolute threshold B.) just noticeable difference C.) Weber's D.) signal detection

signal detection

A(n)_____ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that A.) smoking causes lung cancer B.) smoking contributes to lung cancer C.) there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer D.) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect.

tolerance

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? A.) bottom-up B.) inside-out C.) outside-in D.) top-down

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of _________. A.) a just noticeable difference B.) subliminal message C.) top-down processing D.) transduction

transduction

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A.) fixed interval B.) fixed ratio C.) variable interval D.) variable ratio

variable ratio