Chapter 6: Skeletal System Bones and Bone Tissues

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Secreted by the thyroid gland

Calcitonin

Secreted when blood calcium levels are too high

Calcitonin

Which hormone decreases osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a..?

Canaliculus

What are the effects of aging on the skeletal system?

Decreased bone matrix, and decreased collagen fibers

What is the basic unit of compact bone tissue

Haversian Systems or osteons

The concentric rings of bone produced are..?

Lamallae

What type of bone is a tibia? (not spongy vs. compact)

Long Bone

Causes RANKL to be produced

PTH

Secreted when blood calcium levels are too low

PTH

Stimulates an increase in the number of osteoclasts

PTH

secreted by the parathyroid glands

PTH

which hormone increases RANKL and decreases OPG

Parathyroid horomone (PTH)

What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?

Sharpey Fibers

what is Osteoporosis?

a disease in adults especially women characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix

What is rickets?

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of...?

bone matrix

Ligaments attach ______ to _______

bone to bone

Are Canaliculi found in spongy bone, compact bone, or both?

both

Inhibits osteoclasts activity

calcitonin

The primary mineral in bone is..?

calcium

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bone?

calcium

calcium homeostasis steps

calcium is lost in urine, PTH promotes calcium reabsorption from urine, PTH promotes calcium release into blood by osteoclast, calcium is removed from blood by osteoblasts, and Vitamin D promotes calcium reabsorption.

Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, ______, and ________ in the diet.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

In which type of bone would osteons be present?

compact bone

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?

compact bone

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is..?

endochondral

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

endosteum

What is the site of longitudinal growth (length) in long bones?

epiphyseal plate

The flat bones of the skull develop from what?

fibrous connective tissue

what are the spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified yet called?

fontanels

What type of fracture is generally found in children that is incomplete?

greenstick fracture

A bone fracture in which two bone sections do not separate is a what?

hairline fracture

What is the function of red bone marrow?

manufacturing blood cells

bone producing cells are...?

osteoblasts

what happens when blood calcium levels are low?

osteoclast activity increases

Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids?

osteoclasts

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone one it has been formed is the..?

osteocyte

Which type of bone lie in lacunae?

osteocytes

The combination of all the concentric rings of bone built around a single blood vessel is called an

osteon

A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the

perichondrium

What covers the outer surface of bone?

periosteum

Important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs

Which hormone triggers the growth spurt seen during puberty?

sex horomones

In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?

spongy bone

Which type of bone appears porous?

spongy bone

Which type of bone tissue contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae?

spongy bone tissue

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

storing adipose tissue

Functions of bone..? (4)

support, movement, calcium storage, and blood cell formation

a band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

tendon

What are the interconnecting rods of bone?

trabeculae

List the zones of the epiphsyeal plate from most superior to inferior?

zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcification, and bone of diaphysis

Bones may remodel because... (4)

as bones grow, as bones adjust to stress, as fractures heal, and constantly during a person's lifetime


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