Chapter 6 Smartbook

3 dimensions of the symbolic value of money

Achievement Respect Freedom

Freedom

Money provides oppurtunity

Achievement

Money symbolizes success

Expectancy (belief)

represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task

Instrumentality

represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s)

Engagement

term that summarizes motivation levels (high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort/ devote a lot of energy to their jobs))

Cognitive distortion

A reevaluation of the inputs an employee brings to a job, often occurring in response to equity distress (restore balance mentally)

Goal setting theory

A theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort

Equity theory

Acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people (employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes or rewards they get from their job duties)

Psychological empowerment

An energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose

Equity distress

An internal tension that results from being overrewarded or underrewarded relative to some comparison other

Comparison other

Another person who provides a frame of reference for judging equity

Motivation

Asset of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence

Expectancy theory

Describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses (behavior is directed towards pleasure and away from pain)

Extrinsic motivation

Desire to put forth work effort due to some contingency that depends on task performance (bonuses, promotions, and praise/ other people acknowledging successful performance)

Intrinsic motivation

Desire to put forth work effort due to the sense that task performance serves as it own reward (enjoyment, interestingness, and personal expression)

Men are more likely than women to view money from the symbolic perspectives True or False

True

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

Valence

Jana's manager is retiring at the end of the month, but Jana has no desire to apply for the position because it would mean working longer hours and a lot more travel. Jana has a negative ______ with respect to the position. Multiple choice question. valence a. valence b. performance

Valence

Types of self-efficacy

Vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional cues, past accomplishments

Comparison result Underreward inequity

Ways to restore balance: Grow your outcomes by talking to your boss or by stealing from the company/Shrink your inputs by lowering the intensity or persistence of effort your outcome<Others

Comparison result Overreward inequity

Ways to restore balance: Shrink your outcomes/Grow your inputs through more high quality work or through some cognitive distortion Your outcome>Others

Comparison result equity

Ways to restore balance: no action needed =

Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "I don't get it," she said. "I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" Krystal would be described as having low ______ according to expectancy theory. Self-efficacy or instrumentality

Instrumentality

The belief known as __________, relates to the belief that "If I do a good job, I'll receive the outcome I desire."

Instrumentality

Self determination

Reflects a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks

Valence

Reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance

Impact

Reflects the sense that a person actions make a difference

Competence

Captures a person belief in his or her capability to perform work tasks successfully

SMART goals

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results-based, Time-sensitive goals

According to Gallup survey what percent of employees are engaged?

30%

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation. a. internal b. external

B. external

Meaningfulness

Captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions (Easier to concetrate and get excited about task)

In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance?

Cognitive distortion

Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by telling herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of

Cognitive distortion

Specific and difficult goals

Goals that stretch an employee to perform at his or her maximum level while staying within the boundaries of his or her ability (will result in higher levels of performance than assigning no goals/easy goals)

Emotional cues

Positive or negative feelings that can help or hinder task accomplishment (pride and enthusiasm)

What does the expectancy theory argue?

Employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain (towards certain outcomes and away from others)

Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs a. engagement b. valence

Engagement

What are the 3 specific beliefs that the expectancy theory suggests our choices depend on based in our past learning and experience?

Expectancy Instrumentality Valence

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

Lack of confidence and assignment of an ambiguous goal

Psychological empowerment 4 concepts

Meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact

Respect

Money brings respect in one's community

Verbal persuasion

Pep talks that lead employees to believe that they can "get the job done"

Self-efficacy

The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success (like self confidence or self-esteem)

Past accomplishments

The degree to which they have succeeded or failed in similar sorts of tasks in the past

Meaning of money

The degree to which they view money as having symbolic, not just economic, value

Goals

The objective or aim of an action and typically refer to attaining a specific standard of proficiency

internal forces are_____________ external forces are________________

internal: sense of purpose or confidence external: goals or incentives an employee is given

Vicarious experiences

observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task