Chapter 6 Smartbook
3 dimensions of the symbolic value of money
Achievement Respect Freedom
Freedom
Money provides oppurtunity
Achievement
Money symbolizes success
Expectancy (belief)
represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task
Instrumentality
represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s)
Engagement
term that summarizes motivation levels (high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort/ devote a lot of energy to their jobs))
Cognitive distortion
A reevaluation of the inputs an employee brings to a job, often occurring in response to equity distress (restore balance mentally)
Goal setting theory
A theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort
Equity theory
Acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people (employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes or rewards they get from their job duties)
Psychological empowerment
An energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose
Equity distress
An internal tension that results from being overrewarded or underrewarded relative to some comparison other
Comparison other
Another person who provides a frame of reference for judging equity
Motivation
Asset of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence
Expectancy theory
Describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses (behavior is directed towards pleasure and away from pain)
Extrinsic motivation
Desire to put forth work effort due to some contingency that depends on task performance (bonuses, promotions, and praise/ other people acknowledging successful performance)
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to put forth work effort due to the sense that task performance serves as it own reward (enjoyment, interestingness, and personal expression)
Men are more likely than women to view money from the symbolic perspectives True or False
True
According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and
Valence
Jana's manager is retiring at the end of the month, but Jana has no desire to apply for the position because it would mean working longer hours and a lot more travel. Jana has a negative ______ with respect to the position. Multiple choice question. valence a. valence b. performance
Valence
Types of self-efficacy
Vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional cues, past accomplishments
Comparison result Underreward inequity
Ways to restore balance: Grow your outcomes by talking to your boss or by stealing from the company/Shrink your inputs by lowering the intensity or persistence of effort your outcome<Others
Comparison result Overreward inequity
Ways to restore balance: Shrink your outcomes/Grow your inputs through more high quality work or through some cognitive distortion Your outcome>Others
Comparison result equity
Ways to restore balance: no action needed =
Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "I don't get it," she said. "I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" Krystal would be described as having low ______ according to expectancy theory. Self-efficacy or instrumentality
Instrumentality
The belief known as __________, relates to the belief that "If I do a good job, I'll receive the outcome I desire."
Instrumentality
Self determination
Reflects a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks
Valence
Reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance
Impact
Reflects the sense that a person actions make a difference
Competence
Captures a person belief in his or her capability to perform work tasks successfully
SMART goals
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results-based, Time-sensitive goals
According to Gallup survey what percent of employees are engaged?
30%
Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation. a. internal b. external
B. external
Meaningfulness
Captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions (Easier to concetrate and get excited about task)
In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance?
Cognitive distortion
Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by telling herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of
Cognitive distortion
Specific and difficult goals
Goals that stretch an employee to perform at his or her maximum level while staying within the boundaries of his or her ability (will result in higher levels of performance than assigning no goals/easy goals)
Emotional cues
Positive or negative feelings that can help or hinder task accomplishment (pride and enthusiasm)
What does the expectancy theory argue?
Employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain (towards certain outcomes and away from others)
Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs a. engagement b. valence
Engagement
What are the 3 specific beliefs that the expectancy theory suggests our choices depend on based in our past learning and experience?
Expectancy Instrumentality Valence
Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?
Lack of confidence and assignment of an ambiguous goal
Psychological empowerment 4 concepts
Meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact
Respect
Money brings respect in one's community
Verbal persuasion
Pep talks that lead employees to believe that they can "get the job done"
Self-efficacy
The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success (like self confidence or self-esteem)
Past accomplishments
The degree to which they have succeeded or failed in similar sorts of tasks in the past
Meaning of money
The degree to which they view money as having symbolic, not just economic, value
Goals
The objective or aim of an action and typically refer to attaining a specific standard of proficiency
internal forces are_____________ external forces are________________
internal: sense of purpose or confidence external: goals or incentives an employee is given
Vicarious experiences
observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task