Chapter 6: The Call for Church Reform

True or False? Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer contained a mix of Catholic doctrine, Calvinist, and Lutheran teachings.

True

What was significance of the Battle of Lepanto in 1571? How did Pope Pius V view the victory?

The Christian fleets inflicted a massive defeat to the Turkish navy, freeing the Mediterranean from Ottoman control. The pope believed that the Christians were victorious because of the intervention of the Blessed Mother and his call for Catholics to recite the Rosary before the battle began. He therefore established the Feast of Our Lady of Victory on October 7, the day of the battle.

What were the two goals of the Council of Trent?

The Council of Trent had two primary goals: (1) acknowledging and reforming problems related to the clergy and religious life, and (2) clearly stating Church doctrine, especially on matters that had been distorted by the reformers.

Explain Calvin's belief known as predestination.

According to this teaching, God selects people for salvation or damnation before they are born.

In what ways did the Council of Trent renew the clergy and religious life?

Because the quality of priests had been dreadfully low, the council mandated the establishment of seminaries. Other clerical abuses were corrected. Priestly celibacy was reaffirmed. Bishops were ordered to live in their own dioceses. Priests were to reside in their own parishes, monks in their monasteries, and nuns in their convents. Additionally, priests were required to wear clerical clothing that allowed them to be easily distinguishable from the laity. The council also reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope.

The period of the Reformation is associated with the Baroque period of , architecture, sculpture, , and literature. The perspective intended for people to see the connection between this and the world to come and consequently it manifested an interest in the of Jesus. Indeed, Heaven is depicted vividly and with .

Catholic, art, music, Baroque, world, humanity, emotion

How did Protestantism in England develop under Elizabeth I?

Elizabeth I established the state religion in England. She synthesized Calvinist, Lutheran, and Catholic elements into what became known as the Anglican faith. Anglicanism upheld traditional forms like the episcopate and elaborate liturgical worship, but it also fostered doctrines that were Calvinist at heart.

The Protestant Reformation came to due to a dispute between King with the pope rather than a doctrinal dispute. When the pope would not allow him to his wife to marry another woman, Henry made the head of the Church of , later demanding an oath of to himself as head of the English church in his .

England, Henry Vlll, divorce, himself, England, allegiance, Act of Supermacy

Explain the difference between Pope Leo's Exsurge Domine and his Decet Romanum Pontificem.

Exsurge Domine was Pope Leo X's papal bull condemning many of Luther's theses. When Luther and his followers burned the document the Pope followed up with a formal decree of Luther's excommunication entitled Decet Romanum Pontificem.

True or False? An indulgence is the remission of temporal punishment in Hell due for sins already forgiven.

False. An indulgence is the remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory due for sins already forgiven.

True or False? At the Diet of Worms Luther was called before the Holy Roman emperor Charles V to discuss some of the issues he had raised.

False. At the Diet of Worms Luther was called before the Holy Roman emperor Charles V to be given one last opportunity to reverse his heretical teachings.

True or False? Pope Gregory XIII abolished the opulent papal court and insisted that cardinals live in Rome and live a simple and exemplary life.

False. Pope Pius V abolished the opulent papal court and insisted that cardinals live in Rome and live a simple and exemplary life.

True or False? The Augsburg Confession was Martin Luther's attempt to have his excommunication lifted by the pope.

False. The Augsburg Confession was the creed of Luther's new religion.

True or False? The Council of Trent accepted superstitious abuses of relics, statues, and indulgences, but reaffirmed that true indulgences and the practice of the veneration of the saints do have spiritual value.

False. The Council of Trent rejected superstitious abuses of relics, statues, and indulgences, but reaffirmed that true indulgences and the practice of the veneration of the saints do have spiritual value.

True or False? The more than twenty thousand Puritans who migrated from Switzerland to the New world in the 1620s and 1630s left because of the religious persecution

False. The more than twenty thousand Puritans who migrated from England to the New world in the 1620s and 1630s left because of the religious persecution.

True or False? Two daughters of King Henry VIII - Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I - were both responsible for the suppression of Catholics (by Mary) or Protestants (by Elizabeth), through violent means.

False. Two daughters of King Henry VIII - Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I - were both responsible for the suppression of Catholics (by Elizabeth) or Protestants (by Mary), through violent means.

Explain how Luther's concept of God evolved.

He had an overwhelming sense of unworthiness, a dread of sin, and a fear of death and judgment. One day, while studying Romans 3:21-28, Luther concluded that only faith in God's mercy justifies sinners (reunites sinners with God). Luther's insight brought him joy and peace. He began to teach it to others.

Explain how the followers of Luther acquired the name Protestant.

In 1529, the second Diet of Speyer reinstated the charge of heresy against Luther. Some prominent Catholic figures renewed their call for Luther to be brought to justice due to his heretical teachings. Those German princes who had the greatest allegiance to Luther initiated a protest of the concessions that the Catholics had requested; this led to their eventual acquisition of the name Protestants.

Explain the origin of the policy known as Cuius Regio, Eius Religio.

In 1555, the imperial assembly of the Holy Roman Empire within Germany made a decision known as the Peace of Augsburg, which decreed that the leader (whether a prince or a king) of each region could choose either the Catholic faith or the Lutheran faith as the official one for his area of political control. This policy was known as Cuius Regio, Eius Religio, Latin for "Whose Realm, His Religion."

influence spread much than Luther's. Calvin taught that the of Scripture and the absolute sovereignty of , and denied Catholic teaching on the and condemned the , monasticism, and clerical . He created a harsh in Geneva outlawing , card playing, and many other forms of .

John Calvin, farther, primacy, God, sacraments, papacy, celibacy, theocracy, dancing, entertainment

Pope was left with no choice but to Martin Luther. Luther's teachings had gained increasing even though many of his ideas - including his rejection of the of the pope - had been condemned by Church authorities. Though viewed first as an dispute, it became evident that what Luther was went far beyond an internal .

Leo X, excommunicate, acceptance, authority, internal, professing, disagreement

was born 1483 to strict of German parents. Although he began studying , he vowed to enter the monastery after narrowly escaping a frightful storm. He joined an monastery where he earned a in theology and was later sent to teach theology and Scripture at the University of .

Martin luther, merchant-class, law, lighting, Augustinian, doctorate, moral, Wittenburg

Explain how Nationalism helped to explain Luther's support from Frederick of Saxony.

Nationalism, the movement for a united, independent German nation, helped to explain the strong support Luther received. The Germans had grown tired of the corrupt Italian papacy's extracting money from their country.

The German exploited the dispute between Luther and the , linking it to their desire for more opportunity and better . While Luther them at first, he withdrew his support when they became . They were finally suppressed by the German and many peasants, feeling by Luther, either returned to the or joined a different Protestant Church.

Peasant's Revolt, Church, treatment, backed, violent, betrayed, Catholic Church.

John Knox brought , an offshoot of Calvinism, to . Knox stressed the baptism of all believers, teaching that everyone is a , thus rendering separate clergy . Calvin's emphasis on living, a harsh and judgmental , thrift in dealings, and strictness in observance came to America with the .

Presbyterianism, England, priest, unnecessary, clean, God, business, religious, Act of Supremacy

Explain the ways Protestant congregations emphasized Scripture in the style of their churches.

Protestant congregations, in order to emphasize the reading of Scripture and the proclaiming of a sermon by the minister, built churches mostly devoid of religious architectural features and art. Religious statues and paintings were absent. There was a scaling down of the décor in the sanctuary. The altar was replaced by a simple, more ordinary table, a reminder that the high point of the service was not the sacrifice on the altar, commemorating the Last Supper, but the preaching of God's Word by a minister.

What was the Peace of Westphalia?

Religiously, the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, legalized Calvinism in Germany and gave Protestantism equal status with Catholicism. The treaty reaffirmed the principle of citizens' following the religion of the prince (Cuius Regio, Eius Religio).

Trent reaffirmed that there are Sacraments and that while we are not saved by our , without good works the of God will not take root in one's . In regards to the Sacrament of , the Council stated that, contrary to , it is possible for a person united with Christ to keep the . Thus, the grace received at can only be regained if it is given by God.

Seven, good works, grace, life, Penance, Luther, commandments, Baptism, again

Inheriting a diocese that was ripe with corruption, this saint brought about positive reforms of the hierarchy, the clergy, and the laity, challenging the priests of the diocese to celebrate the sacraments in a proper and dignified manner.

St. Charles Borromeo

Teaching that every Christian has a vocation to holiness, this saintly cleric experienced great success in his preaching to Calvinists in Switzerland, bringing thousands back to the Church.

St. Francis de Sales

This saint founded the most important religious order of the Catholic Reformation known as the Society of Jesus.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Under the spiritual guidance of another saint, this saint founded a religious order for women who desired religious life but could not live the austere life of a cloistered convent.

St. Jane Frances de Chantal

This saintly Doctor of the Church inspired reforms in the Carmelite Order but was met with retaliatory resistance by other members of the order who disapproved of the reform measures.

St. John of the Cross

Declared the patroness of Christian social workers, this saint was renowned for work with the downtrodden of French society.

St. Louise de Marillac

This Saint helped to counter the spread of Lutheranism in Germany through his writings and extensive travel to preach and teach in parishes and retreats.

St. Peter Canisius

This Jesuit saint argued in favor of democratic theory and wrote about the relationship between faith and science.

St. Robert Bellarmine

In addition to founding the Congregation of the Mission to aid the education of future priests, this saint traveled widely and devoutly committed to the ministry of serving the sick and needy of France.

St. Vincent de Paul

Besides the selling of indulgences, what other Church practices did Marin Luther oppose in his Ninety-Five Theses?

The Ninety-Five Theses also expressed Luther's concern regarding the corrupt practices of some members of the clergy and the widespread ignorance of the laity in matters of faith.

Describe the society established by the Puritans in the New World.

They set up holy commonwealths. However, they mirrored the religious prejudice of their day and passed laws against other religious groups.

The War was fueled by religious of Lutherans, Calvinists, and . It was fought between the Empire and their political enemies, particularly , who joined forces with groups. The Hapsburgs supported Catholic gains in while the latter feared a Catholic of Germany.

Thirty years, intolerance, Catholics, Hapsburg, Protestants, Germany, takeover

True or False? At the start, Martin Luther had no intention of causing a split in the Church.

True

True or False? The Council of Trent rejected Luther's claim of sola scriptura and instead taught that Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition must be considered together for a proper understanding of theology.

True

True or False? Through the work of people like St. Francis de Sales, the Reforms of the Council of Trent brought Catholics back to the Church in many areas of Europe.

True

encouraged a democratic rule for his Reformed Church. More and anti-institutional than Luther, he set up a Protestantism in Zurich, in 1522. Zwingli abolished days, banned religious , and removed from churches. Further, he taught that the only symbolizes Jesus' presence.

Ulrich, Zwingli, Swiss, anticlerical, reform, Switzerland, fast, music, images, Eucharist.

The Council asserted that the was to be considered the _________________version of the Bible. Further, it in part with the Protestant reformers: people are because of the of God and the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, not through their own . But the Council reaffirmed that this grace is first received through , not personal faith and that it is the " of faith."

Vulgate, authoritative, agreed, saved, grace, merit, saving, Baptism, sacrament

Protestant reformers began to allow public in the vernacular rather than in and called for vernacular editions of the . Further, the reformers did not recognize the Seven recognized by the Catholic Church, and held beliefs about them with most recognizing just two as valid: and

Worship, Latin, bible, sacraments, contradictory, Baptism, Eucharist

Summarize what the Council of Trent declared on the following Church matters: The consecration of the bread and wine at Mass The Mass as a true sacrifice The Sacrament of Penance Matrimony Purgatory

● At the consecration of the Mass, the reality (substance) of the bread and wine changes into the reality of Jesus ● The Mass is a true sacrifice, an extension of Calvary through which Christ's sacrifice is made present ● The Sacrament of Penance is the only ordinary means to obtain forgiveness of mortal sins committed after Baptism. ● Matrimony is a true sacrament, and marriage is indissoluble and marriages must be performed before a priest and two witnesses. ● Purgatory exists, and the souls in Purgatory benefit from the prayers of people on earth, especially the Mass.

List important features of the Tridentine Mass.

● use of Latin throughout the Mass ● requirement for the priest to face east during the Liturgy of the Eucharist, with his back to the congregation ● a firm adherence to the rubrics, or instructions regarding the priest's movements within the structure of the Mass ● more silent prayer, and less interaction (a more passive role) on the part of the lay congregation