test 3
A group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body are referred to as ________.
Complement
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. A) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. B) Bile functions to emulsify fats. C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
D
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D
Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
D
Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
D
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
D
Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
D
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
D
Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
D
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
D
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
D
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
D
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) submucosa B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria
D
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth
D
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. A) portal vein B) pancreatic acini C) bile canaliculus D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
D
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A) temperature is lower at higher altitudes B) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes C) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
D
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. A) the smooth muscles of the lung B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone C) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs D) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
D
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) ventilation-perfusion coupling
D
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. A) thickness of vestibular folds B) length of the vocal folds C) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles D) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
D
The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D
The solutes contained in saliva include ________. A) only salts and minerals B) only proteases and amylase C) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
D
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A) partial pressure of oxygen B) temperature C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide D) number of red blood cells
D
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? A) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction B) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers C) helps limit the spread of local infections D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
D
Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist? A) The type of antigen B) Memory cell production C) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion D) Our genes
D
Which of the following determines lung compliance? A) airway opening B) flexibility of the thoracic cage C) muscles of inspiration D) alveolar surface tension
D
Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? A) temperature B) BPG C) carbon dioxide D) nitric oxide
D
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants D) pathogens in the lumen of the stomach
D
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? A) 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma B) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
D
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes
D
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? A) classical pathway B) alternative pathway C) lectin pathway D) lactate pathway
D
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D) production of intrinsic factor
D
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric
D
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.
D
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B) They are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C) They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn? A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow. B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants. C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute. D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.
D
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D) allergic contact dermatitis
D
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. A) bile B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) gastric juice
A
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins
A
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________, A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis
A
Cytotoxic T cells ________ . A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
A
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) starches
A
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells
A
Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) store fat-soluble vitamins D) detoxify toxic chemicals
A
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) mucosa C) muscularis externa D) submucosa
A
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins B) is the first site where absorption takes place C) is the only place where fats are completely digested D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
A
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
A
Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration B) the total amount of exchangeable air C) functional residual capacity D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
A
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
A
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose B) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa C) porous structure of turbinate bones D) action of the epiglottis
A
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) chief cells of the stomach B) parietal cells of the duodenum C) Brunner's glands D) goblet cells of the small intestine
A
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere B) obstruction of the esophagus C) taking several rapid deep breaths D) getting very cold
A
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
A
Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. B) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing. C) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. D) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.
A
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) regains
A
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) oral cavity B) esophagus C) nasal cavity D) salivary glands
A
T-cell activation requires ________. A) antigen binding and co-stimulation B) antigen binding and antibody production C) antibody production and co-stimulation D) antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation
A
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) spleen C) pancreas D) stomach
A
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches D) the rugae and haustra
A
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium
A
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. A) digestion B) absorption C) ingestion D) secretion
A
The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue C) dense regular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue
A
The larynx contains ________. A) the thyroid cartilage B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds D) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
A
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) complement production
A
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A) Boyle's law B) Henry's law C) Charles' law D) Dalton's law
A
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining
A
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. A) secrete surfactant B) trap dust and other debris C) replace mucus in the alveoli D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
A
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
A
Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant D) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
A
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process
A
Which center is located in the pons? A) pontine respirator group (PRG) B) expiratory center C) inspiratory center D) pacemaker neuron center
A
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid B) compliance and transpulmonary pressures C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
A
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A) fungiform and circumvallate B) palatine and circumvallate C) circumvallate and filiform D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
A
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
A
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) zymogenic cells C) mucous neck cells D) enteroendocrine cells
A
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
A
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A) B12 B) K C) A D) C
A
The law of partial pressure is called ________ law.
Dalton's
The most common type of immediate hypersensitivity is ________.
Allergy
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
FALSE
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
FALSE
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).
FALSE
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
FALSE
Dentin anchors the tooth in place.
FALSE
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
FALSE
Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.
FALSE
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
FALSE
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
FALSE
Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
FALSE
Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid.
FALSE
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.
FALSE
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
FALSE
Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
FALSE
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
FALSE
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
FALSE
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
FALSE
The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.
FALSE
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
FALSE
The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
FALSE
The relatively unchanging pressure in a filling stomach is due to the contraction of the stomach oblique muscle layer.
FALSE
The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.
FALSE
The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.
FALSE
The submucosal nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.
FALSE
Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus.
FALSE
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
B
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
B
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation
B
Chyme is created in the ________. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine
B
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response
B
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
B
Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) are mediated by B cells B) include allergic contact dermatitis C) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues D) do not involve T cells
B
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A) thalamic control B) voluntary cortical control C) stretch receptors in the alveoli D) temperature of alveolar air
B
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. A) at least 3 micrometers thick B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
B
Gas emboli may occur because a ________. A) person holds his breath too long B) diver holds his breath upon ascent C) pilot holds her breath upon descent D) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
B
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) starches and complex carbohydrates B) protein and peptide fragments C) simple carbohydrates and alcohols D) fatty acids
B
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) ACh B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine
B
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells C) as carbonic acid in the plasma D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
B
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells
B
Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
B
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A) pressure within the pleural cavity B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs C) negative pressure in the intrapleural space D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
B
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
B
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) active transport
B
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A) midbrain and medulla B) medulla and pons C) pons and midbrain D) upper spinal cord and medulla
B
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
B
Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx. B) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. C) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
B
The function of goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
B
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones throughout the body D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
B
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis externa D) serosa
B
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory capacity D) expiratory reserve volume
B
The main site of gas exchange is the ________. A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) alveolar duct D) respiratory bronchiole
B
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen B) in the walls of the tract organs C) in the pons and medulla D) in the oral cavity
B
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) acidosis D) alkalosis
B
The nose serves all the following functions except ________. A) as a passageway for air movement B) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex C) warming and humidifying the air D) cleansing the air
B
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis
B
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes C) atria and alveolar sacs D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
B
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. A) D B) A C) M D) E
B
Tidal volume is air ________. A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration B) exchanged during normal breathing C) inhaled after normal inspiration D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
B
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? A) crown B) enamel C) pulp D) cementum
B
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A) solubility in water B) partial pressure gradient C) the temperature D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
B
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC
B
Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion? A) distention B) carbohydrates C) peptides D) low acidity
B
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A) carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
B
Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? A) adenocarcinoma B) Kaposi's sarcoma C) small cell carcinoma D) squamous cell carcinoma
B
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
B
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
B
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) direct cell lysis C) enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? A) opsonization B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions C) enhancement of inflammation D) insertion of MAC and cell lysis
B
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? A) rising carbon dioxide levels B) rising blood pressure C) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg D) acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
B
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis
B
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A) pulmonary ventilation B) blood pH adjustment C) internal respiration D) external respiration
B
Which of the following is not possible? A) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
B
Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) cleanses the mouth B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
B
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) respiratory bronchioles D) alveolar ducts
B
Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid. B) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. C) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing. D) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.
B
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B
Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) lysozyme B) a cyanide derivative C) defensins D) nitric oxide
B
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) hepatic portal vein B) inferior vena cava C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery
B
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
B
Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
B
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A) gastrin B) amylase C) cholecystokinin D) trypsin
B
57) Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE
C
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia
C
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________. A) 17 weeks B) 24 weeks C) 28 weeks D) 36 weeks
C
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymusB) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes
C
Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus. B) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary. C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta. D) Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.
C
Chief cells ________. A) produce gastrin B) produce HCl C) produce pepsinogen D) produce mucin
C
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C
Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
C
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) active transport D) bulk flow
C
Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
C
Paneth cells ________. A) secrete digestive enzymes B) secrete hormones C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria D) secrete bicarbonate ions
C
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin
C
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
C
Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) aid B cells in antibody production
C
Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.
C
Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.
C
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
C
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. B) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
C
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. B) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
C
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32.
C
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin
C
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A) reserve air B) expiratory capacity C) inspiratory reserve D) vital capacity
C
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. A) diffusion B) active transport C) hydrolysis D) denatured
C
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. B) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.
C
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A) surfactant B) surface tension C) friction D) air pressure
C
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells B) parietal cells and glial cells C) serous cells and mucous cells D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
C
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A) Henry's law B) Boyle's law C) Dalton's law D) Charles' law
C
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? A) HCl B) pepsinogen C) intrinsic factor D) gastric lipase
C
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion
C
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin D) gastric inhibitor peptide
C
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? A) pneumonia B) tuberculosis C) emphysema D) coryza
C
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections? A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) B cells
C
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) release of hydrogen ion
C
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) dextrinase B) amylase C) trypsin D) lipase
C
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? A) produce gas B) absorb bilirubin C) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins D) synthesize vitamins C and D
C
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. A) does not contain villi B) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli C) is longer than the small intestine D) has pocket-like sacs called haustra
C
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A) surface tension of water B) surfactant production C) C-shaped cartilage rings D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
C
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens.
C
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
C
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
C
The ________ phase of gastric secretions occurs when food enters the stomach.
gastric
A(n) ________ is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.
hybridoma
The longest portion of the small intestine is the ________.
ileum
Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called ________ antibodies.
monoclonal
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining pH.
oxygen
Cells of the stomach that secrete HCl are ________ cells.
parietal
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called ________.
pathogens
The ________ ligament anchors a tooth in the alveolus of the jaw.
periodontal
Type II alveolar cells secrete ________.
surfactant
An autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function is ________.
Glomerulonephritis
The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a Pepsi is called ________ law.
Henry's
The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is ________.
IgE
Cells are found in the sinusoids of the liver that remove debris from the blood as it flows past are called ________ macrophages.
Stellate
19) The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress-relaxation response is termed plasticity.
TRUE
A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.
TRUE
All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.
TRUE
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
TRUE
Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
TRUE
Antibodies can act both intracellularly and extracellularly.
TRUE
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
TRUE
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.
TRUE
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
TRUE
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
TRUE
Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.
TRUE
Gastric accommodation is an example of smooth muscle plasticity.
TRUE
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
TRUE
Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.
TRUE
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
TRUE
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
TRUE
Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.
TRUE
Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus.
TRUE
Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.
TRUE
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
TRUE
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
TRUE
Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.
TRUE
Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
TRUE
Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.
TRUE
Stellate macrophages are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
TRUE
Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.
TRUE
Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.
TRUE
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
TRUE
The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.
TRUE
The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.
TRUE
The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
TRUE
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
TRUE
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.
TRUE
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
TRUE
The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.
TRUE
The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.
TRUE
The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.
TRUE
The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.
TRUE
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
TRUE
The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
TRUE
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
TRUE
The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.
TRUE
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
TRUE
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
TRUE
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
TRUE
Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.
TRUE
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
TRUE
When swallowing, the epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.
TRUE
The protective outermost layer of the esophagus is the ________.
adventitia
The principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates is ________.
amylase
Failure of developing T cells to recognize self MHC during positive selection results in ________.
apoptosis
Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells ________ the immune system is activated.
before
The chief bile pigment is ________.
bilirubin
Terminal bronchioles are lined with ________ epithelium.
cuboidal
Septic shock is a dangerous condition where the ________ are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.
cytokines
Suppressor factors are ________ that suppress the immune system.
cytokines
Another word for vomiting is ________.
emesis
A disorder characterized by permanent enlargement of the alveoli accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls is ________.
emphysema
The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the ________.
epiglottis
The archway in the back of the throat is called the ________.
fauces
The part of the peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is the ________ peritoneum.
visceral
