Chapter 6: The Integumentary System
Which of the following describe functions of skin?
- It begins the process of vitamin D synthesis. - Skin is considered a sense organ. - It acts as an important barrier to water and UV radiation.
The skin functions as an important barrier to which of the following?
- Microorganisms - Ultraviolet radiation - Water
Which type of tissue comprises the papillary layer of the dermis?
Areolar connective tissue
Which of the following are found in the dermis?
-Blood vessels -Fibers -Nerve endings -Glands
Identify the components of the integumentary system.
-Hair -Dermis -Epidermis -Cutaneous glands
Which of the following are factors in determining whether individuals have darker or lighter skin?
-In darker skin, the melanocytes produce more melanin. -In darker skin, the melanin breaks down more slowly.
The stratum basale contains which of the following?
-Macrophages to protect the body -Actively dividing cells -The colored pigment melanin
List the features of skin that minimize bacterial and fungal growth during an infection.
-The acid mantle inhibits microbial growth. -The dryness of the skin inhibits microbial growth.
Arrange the layers of the integumentary system in order, starting with the most superficial layer on top of the list and ending with the deepest layer at the bottom.
1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis
The following events occur in the life of a keratinocyte. Place them in chronological order starting with what happens first (top box) and ending with what happens last (bottom box).
1. Stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes. 2. Mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upward. 3. Keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments 4. Keratinocytes die. 5. Dead keratinocytes flake off the sureface of the skin as dander.
Place these epidermal layers in order, starting with the most superficial layer at the top of the list and ending with the deepest layer at the bottom.
1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale
The pH of the skin surface is between which of the following values?
4-6
The skin makes up what percentage of the body weight?
8
Which describes keratin?
A protein produced in cells of the epidermis
Which of the following describes the stratum basale?
A single layer of cuboidal stem cells and melanocytes resting on a basement membrane
The _____ mantle is a thin, protective film on the skin that has a pH between 4-6.
Acid
Which term refers to the protective film found on skin that is involved in bacterial protection?
Acid mantle
The hypodermis primarily consists of which type of tissue?
Adipose tissue
Mechanical stress from manual labor accelerates keratinocyte multiplication. This results in formation of ______ or corns on the hands or feet.
Callus
Melanocytes
Cells that produce the dark pigments that act as a UV shield
Keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermal surface as tiny specks called ______ .
Dander
Stratum corneum
Dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface.
Which term refers to the wavy upward projections at the boundary of the dermis and epidermis?
Dermal papillae
Name the branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system.
Dermatology
The branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system is called .
Dermatology
Cells in the epidermis are nourished by blood vessels located in which of the following?
Dermis
Hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in which of the following layers of the skin?
Dermis
Sensory receptors in the dermis and epidermis contribute to which function of the skin?
Detecting changes in the environment
Why are the cells in the stratum corneum dead?
Epidermal cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis.
Keratinocytes
Epidermal cells that produce keratin
Keratinocytes are the most numerous type of skin cells. Where are they located?
Epidermis
Which two distinct layers make up the skin?
Epidermis and dermis
The skin is composed of which of the following?
Epidermis and dermis only
Which cools the skin?
Evaporation of sweat
Which term refers to the shedding of skin cells?
Exfoliation
True or false: Dendritic cells originate in the stratum basale.
False
True or false: The epidermis is highly vascular.
False
True or false: The stratum corneum is the thickest epidermal layer in thin skin.
False
Which of the following are located in the dermis?
Fibers, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings
Which of these structures is covered by thin skin?
Forearm
Which are accessory organs of the integumentary system?
Hair, nails, and cutaneous glands
Name the connective tissue layer that lies between the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue.
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous injections are administered into which highly vascular tissue layer?
Hypodermis
The ______ is located deep to the dermis and is not part of the skin.
Hypodermis
Dendritic cells
Immune cells that guards against pathogens that penetrate into the skin
The _______ system consists of the skin and its accessory organs.
Integumentary
Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of which body system?
Integumentary
Which of the following is true about the most superficial layer of the skin?
It contains abundant keratin.
Which of the following describes thick skin?
It has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
Stratum granulosum
Keratin filaments are bound together to form waterproof bundles. Keratinocytes die.
Name the coarse dark-staining granules found in the stratum granulosum.
Keratohyalin granules
The acid ______ is the protective film that gives skin its slight acidity.
Mantle
Which feature of the skin protects the body from UV damage?
Melanin deposited in keratinocytes
The five types of cells found in the epidermis are stem cells, keratinocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells, and ______ .
Melanocytes
Which cells produce the brown to black pigment found in skin?
Melanocytes
Stratum spinosum
Mitosis ceases. Keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them.
Which of these is covered by thick skin?
Palms
In which areas of the body is the dermis the thickest?
Palms and soles
The dermis consists of two zones. The more superficial of the two is called the _____ layer.
Papillary
Tight junctions located between keratinocytes in the skin play an important role in which of the following?
Preventing water loss
Which of the following is an example of the non-verbal communication function of the skin?
Reddening of the skin (blushing) when embarrassed
The deepest layer of the dermis is called the _____ layer.
Reticular
Which of the following is one of the important functions of the skin?
Sensing changes in the environment
Tactile cells are responsible for which of the following?
Sensing touch
Tactile cells
Sensory receptors for touch
What is the body's largest and heaviest organ?
Skin
Stratum basale
Stem cells divide and new keratinocytes are produced.
A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your hand. What is this layer called?
Stratum basale
Actively mitotic cells are found in which layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
Skin is classified as thick or thin based on the thickness of which layer?
Stratum corneum
Which epidermal layer is structured to resist abrasion, penetration, and water loss?
Stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis is no longer mitotic and contains dark staining clusters of keratohyalin?
Stratum granulosum
Cells in which epidermal layer contain the protein eleiden?
Stratum lucidum
Which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thin skin?
Stratum spinosum
The epidermal water barrier is a layer of lipids located between which two layers?
Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
The stratum lucidum contains which of the following?
The clear protein eleidin
John clenches his pen firmly against his finger when he takes notes in class. This repeated pressure on his finger has resulted in which of the following?
The formation of a callus
Why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis?
The subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular.
Which of the following best describes the dermal papillae?
The upward projections of the dermis at the dermis-epidermis boundary
Which skin type covers the palms, soles, and surfaces of the fingers and toes?
Thick skin
Tactile cells are receptors for which of the following?
Touch
True or false: The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the integumentary system
True
True or false: Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin is one mechanism used by the body to conserve heat.
True
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes
What happens when the body is chilled?
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin
Which of the following describes blushing?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
The skin plays an important role in the synthesis of which of the following?
Vitamin D
Which of these functions are impaired in burn patients?
Vitamin D production
The presence of a layer of lipids between the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum facilitates which of the following?
Water retention
Where is the hypodermis located?
beneath the dermis
The papillary layer of the dermis is especially rich in ______.
blood vessels
_______ is composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum and is usually found on the scalp.
dandruff
The skin layer that has the hair follicles and nail roots embedded in it is the ______ .
dermis
Dead keratinocytes flake off from the surface of the epidermis as small white specks called dander. This process is called _____ .
exfoliation
Keratinocytes synthesize ______.
keratin
The epidermis is a barrier to ultraviolet rays, blocking much of the cancer-causing radiation from reaching the nuclei of cells called ______.
keratinocytes
_____ cells are found in two of the epidermal layers and serve an immune function.
langerhans
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
stratum corneum
In the process of thermoregulation, cutaneous nerve endings monitor the _____ of the body surface.
temperature
