Chapter 7, 8, 9, and 10
hierarchical semantic network model of semantic memory
-organized in terms of nodes and links that stores properties at highest relevant node to conserve cognitive economy -most nodes have superordinate and subordinate nodes
Brewer's research on autobiographical memory showed that:
-participants showed very good overall retention for autobiographical events, even randomly selected ones
Linton's and Barsalou's studies of autobiographical memories suggested that:
-people often summarize two or more events of the same type into recollection
Cooper's studies of the mental rotation of complex polygons indicated that:
-people rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons
If information from a story is presented in scrambled order,
-people tend to recall it in the scripted order
Images can prime the visual pathway, making it easier to detect a faint stimulus. This is an example of:
-perceptual equivalence
Based on neuropsychological studies, your occipital lobe would be activated when you:
-perform a mental rotation task
Your occipital love would be activated when you ____
-perform a mental rotation task
structure/levels of language
-phonemes -morphemes -syntax -semantics -pragmatics
English speakers hear a distinction between "l" and "r" sounds; speakers of some Chinese dialects do not hear this distinction. This example illustrates a difference in the ______ aspects of the two languages.
-phonological
lexical decision tasks
-task where experimental participant is presented with letter strings and asked to judge, as quickly as possible , whether the strings from words
Which is NOT one of Finke's principles of visual imagery?
-temporal equivalence
When you imagine hearing a song, which part of your brain is probably active?
-temporal lobes
space around the body
-the area immediately around a person's body in which the person can easily perceive and act on objects
The concept "bachelor" could be represented in a person's mind as "an unmarried, adult, male, human." This would be an example of
-the classical, feature-based view of concepts and categories
The concept "game" could be represented in a person's mind as a set of representations of all the games the person has encountered. This would be an example of
-the exemplar-based view of concepts and categories
lexical ambiguity
-the existence of multiple word meanings
The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by:
-the fact that noninteractive images do not facilitate recall whereas interactive images do facilitate recall
Based on the results of autobiographical memory studies, you'd expect to have the best and most specific memory for which of the following events?
-the first time you went to a concert for your favorite band
prototype view of concepts
-the idea that all concepts are organized around idealized mental representations of examples
informationally encapsulated process
-A process with the property of informational encapsulation, that is, isolation from other processes and data
heuristic
-A rule of thumb, or shortcut method, used in thinking, reasoning, and/or decision making
Which of the following is NOT one of Finke's principles describing the fundamental nature and properties of visual images?
-images contain only info that has been intentionally stored
Forming a visual image and then moving from one location on the image to another is known as:
-imaginal scanning
The temporal lobes would be most active when you:
-imagine listening to your favorite song
We notice ambiguities in sentences:
-in "garden path" sentences
phonemes
-in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
family resemblance structure of concepts
-A structure of categories in which each member shares different features with different members. Few, if any, features are shared by every single member of the category.
ACT Model of Memory
-A theory of memory developed by John Anderson that specifies a networked memory composed of working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory
In a connectionist model, the representation of knowledge is:
-in the pattern of connection weights in the network
Which of the following is not a key property of language, as defined in lecture?
-one-to-one relationship between symbol and meaning
transformational equivalence
-Imagined transformations and physical transformations exhibit corresponding dynamic characteristics and are governed by the same laws of motion.
spatial equivalence
-The spatial arrangement of the elements of a mental image corresponds to the way objects or their parts are arranged on actual physical surfaces or in an actual physical space.
In a mental rotation task, you'd fastest to match a target object to its rotated counterpart if the target and its counterpart were ______.
-only 10 degrees apart
nonanalytic concept formation
-cognitive processes that implicitly acquire knowledge of a complex structure during the memorization of examples
A speech act such as "I promise to study my psychology textbook tonight" is called a(n):
-commissive
typicality effects are problem for the classical view of categorization because:
-if a category is based on a definition than all members should be equally typical
Which of the following is NOT a kind of syntactic rule proposed by Chomsky?
-illegal contradiction rule
a major difference between prototype theory and exemplar theory is that:
-only exemplar theory proposes that all encountered instances of a category are retained
which of the following is an example of a directive speech act?
-open the door
eyewitness testimony distortion
-suggestibility of certain memories that can be distorted -can lead to source amnesia and confusion -verbalization of visual info can distort your encoding of what happened
Barsalou (1988) found that participants were much more likely to ______ events than to have ______ recollections.
-summarize;specific
Studies of eyewitness memory:
-support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process
studies of eyewitness memory:
-support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process
arbitrary symbols
-symbols stand for concepts -symbols are arbitrary - no systematic correspondence b/w form of symbol and form/properties pf referent -onomatopoeia
imaginal scanning
-task in which a participant is asked to form a mental image and to scan over it from one point to another
how many morphemes are in the word paper?
1
perceptual equivalance
-imagery if functionally equivalent to perception to the extent that similar mechanisms in visual system are activated when objects/events are imagined as when same objects or events are actually perceived
subordinate level of categories
-A level of categorization narrower than the basic level
method of serial reproduction
-A memory research technique first used by Bartlett in which participants repeatedly generate recall memories of a story or an event they have previously experienced
Bransford and Franks asked participants to read sentences derived from four basic sentences: "The ants were in the kitchen," "The jelly was on the table," "The jelly was sweet," and "The ants ate the jelly." Participants saw two of the simple sentences, and several combinations of two or three of the simple sentences. On a later recognition test, participants were most confident in "remembering" having seen:
-"The ants in the kitchen ate the sweet jelly on the table." (never actually presented)
Which of the following is an example of an anomaly?
-"chocolate frosting can ice skate"
false memory
-"recollections" of "events" that never in fact occurred
If you were to want to get accurate memory from an eyewitness to an event, what would be the best question to ask them?
-"tell me what you remember about the event"
Research on false memory creations suggests that about ______ of participants report "memories" of suggested events that never really occurred.
-25%
The average eye fixation lasts about:
-250 milliseconds
the word "showed" contains ________ phonemes and ________ morphemes.
-3 phonemes and 2 morphemes
In Bransford and Johnson's experiment, people could recall an average of 8.0 out of 14 possible ideas when given a proper context before the passage. However, when the context was provided after the passage, people could recall an average of ______ out of 14 ideas.
-3.6
how many phonemes does the spoken word Spanish have?
-6
In the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, participants are presented with lists of related words such as nap, bed, quiet, dark, dream, pillow, and night. Later, about _____ of college student participants falsely recognize related items such as sleep, which were never actually presented, as being part of the list.
-80%
semantic network
-A depiction of semantic memory consisting of nodes (which roughly correspond to words or concepts) and connections between nodes.
superordinate level of categories
-A level of categorization broader than the basic level that includes exemplars that can be quite dissimilar from one another
Chomsky and other nativists have argued that much of language is innate. One of their arguments has been that, during language acquisition, the speech that children hear from adults is impoverished and degenerate. An example of this would be:
-Adults use many malformed sentences, like "They...it...is not ready...but maybe tomorrow." *
infantile amnesia
-As adults, our conscious memory of our first three years is blank
recovered memory
-Autobiographical memories, usually of traumatic events, that are not accessible for some period of time but later become able to be retrieved
recovered memories
-Autobiographical memories, usually of traumatic events, that are not accessible for some period of time but later become able to be retrieved.
descriptive rules
-Characterize which sentences are legal and which are not.
Chomsky and other nativists have argued that much of language is innate. By this, they mean:
-Children are born with a language acquisition device that contains information about what is possible in language, and with experience they learn which of the many possible linguistic elements are actually present in the language to which they are being exposed
nominal-kind concept
-Concepts pertaining to ideas or objects that have well-delimited definitions
modularity hypothsis
-Fodor's proposal that some cognitive processes, in particular language and perception, operate on only certain kinds of inputs and operate independently of the beliefs and other information available to the cognitive processor or other cognitive processes
schemata
-Frameworks for organizing and representing knowledge that contain roles, variables, and fixed parts.
The idea that we might repress memories of traumatic events which can only be recovered later dates back to ______'s psychoanalytic tradition.
-Freud
implicit learning
-Learning that occurs without explicit awareness of what has been learned
event memory
-Memory for a specific episode that a person has participated in or witnessed
Which of the following studies is least susceptible to demand characteristics?
-PET scan studies
Gricean maxims of cooperative conversation
-Pragmatic rules of conversation, including moderation of quantity, quality, relevance, and clarity
Which of the following is true regarding schemata?
-Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information.
Broca's Aphasia
-Symptoms of this organic disorder include difficulty in speaking, using grammar, and finding appropriate words
expressive aphasia
-Symptoms of this organic disorder include difficulty in speaking, using grammar, and finding appropriate words
receptive aphasia
-Symptoms of this organic disorder include difficulty in understanding speech and in producing intelligible speech, although speech remains fluent and articulate
syntax
-The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. -informal: how words go together to make sentences -formal: principles for the arrangement of linguistic structures in sentences
linguistic performance
-The behavior or responses actually produced by a cognitive processor engaged in a particular cognitive activity involving language.
Whorfian hypothesis/Linguistic relativity hypothesis
-The idea that language constrains thought and perception such that cultural differences in cognition can be explained at least partially by differences in language
psychological essentialism
-The idea that people possess implicit theories about fundamental characteristics that all instances of a concept contain or embody
experimenter expectancy effects
-The influence on the performance of experimental participants generated by an experimenter's beliefs or hypotheses, which somehow get subtly transmitted to the participants.
categorization
-The organization of information into coherent, meaningful groups.
typicality effect
-The phenomenon whereby experimental subjects are faster to respond to typical instances of a concept (for example, robin for the concept "bird") than they are to atypical instances (for example, penguin for "bird").
morphemes
-The smallest units of meaning in a language.
Vervet monkeys emit different calls to signal different types of threats, and these calls lead other monkeys to take specific, appropriate actions. Which of the following statements is true of vervet monkeys?
-Vervet monkeys have the ability to communicate, but not with a true language
repressed memories
-a controversial explanation of amnesia for traumatic events
What is the smallest unit of speech that can distinguish one utterance from another?
-a phoneme
cognitive economy
-a principle of hierarchical semantic networks such that properties and facts about a node are stored at the highest level possible
adaptive control of thought (ACT) model of memory
-a theory of memory developed by John Anderson that specifies a networked memory comprised of working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory
Primary visual cortex is best described as representing space using:
-a visual (retinotopic) representation
mental imagery
-accessing visual info from the past
The self-help book The Courage to Heal, which offered advice to those who had suffered childhood abuse, raises concerns for the accuracy of recovered memories because ______.
-all of the above
According to Neisser (1982), which of the following is necessary for adequately understanding the nature of memory processes?
-all of these
after a brain injury, a person is able to remember events from the past, but is unable to encode new info into long-term memory. The person has:
-anterograde amnesia
Neuropsychological studies indicate that processing mental images activates:
-areas of the brain involved in visual perception
speech acts
-assertives -directives -commissives -expressives -declarations
Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis:
-asserts that thought is dependent upon language, and is not supported by studies of color perception.
Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set:
-at random
Your memory of your tenth birthday party including how you felt, what you did, and where you is an example of ______ memory.
-autobiographical
space of the body
-awareness of where the different parts of one's body are located at any given moment and what other objects different body parts are interacting with; used, along with internal sensations, to direct different parts of the body spatially
Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time, the same person's recall:
-becomes more distorted
According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?
-bird
Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify?
-boo is a living thing
Which of the following is an example of a morpheme?
-both "book" and "re"
suppose your dog very consistently does the following: barks once when he wants food, and barks twice when he wants to go out. Which property/properties would this behavior exhibit?
-both communicativeness and arbitrariness
Weaver's study comparing memories of a mundane event (meeting a roommate or friend) with a "flashbulb" event (the beginning of the Persian Gulf War) showed that:
-both types of memories dropped off most during the first 3 months following the event
The dual coding hypothesis states that recall will be best when items are coded:
-both visually and verbally
Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as:
-butter
A ______ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core, or some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties.
-category
prototype theory
-category characterized not by a definition but by a summary representation
classical view
-category definition like dictionary definition -defined by: --set of features --each feature necessary --together features uniquely define -ex: Bachelor; unmarried/adult/male/human
categories: prototype theory
-category membership
the claim that mental categories have fuzzy boundaries means that:
-category membership is a matter of degree, not an all-or-nothing distinction
Fodor's modularity hypothesis proposes that:
-certain language processes operate independently of other cognitive processes such as memory and attention
basic level
-chair: basic level -goldilocks level-not too general nor too separate -usually represented by a single word -easier to explain features common at basic-level
prototype
-characteristic features of a category --weighted(how important they are to the concept) --not characteristic features of other categories
protoype
-characteristic features of a category -weighted -not characteristic features of other categories
repressed and recovered memories
-children are especially prone to source amnesia and confusion
propositional format
-city (New York)- we have a knowledge that New York is a city rather than an image of where it is -visual perception through V1: retinotopic mapping
category
-class of similar things (objects or entities) that share an essential core or some similarity in properties
A ________ is a mental representation of some object, event, or pattern.
-concept
natural-kind concept
-concepts pertaining to naturally occurring substances
implicature
-context determined meaning of a piece of language
Your friend says: "I am so mad at Jake! At last night's party he totally ignored me!" Which property of language does this piece of language NOT DIRECTLY exhibit?
-cultural transmission
Speech acts in which the utterance itself is the action-such as "You're fired!"-are considered to be which type of speech act?
-declaration
When the experimental task itself "cues" the subject about how to behave, the task is said to have:
-demand characteristics
Sentence-verification tasks are typically used to:
-determine how info is organized and connected in our mental encyclopedia
neuroscience data for visual imagery
-disrupting visual-processing areas w/ TMS also disrupts mental imagery -some occipital areas for early visual processing, visual imagery -patients w/ unilateral/hemispatial neglect may also neglect the left side of space in their mental images
Paivio's ____ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms, respectively.
-dual code
One explanation for why the memory of learning about a particularly important cultural or historical event as it occurs feels especially vivid is that ______.
-emotional areas of the brain are especially active
why are flashbulb memories so vivid?
-emotional intensity -elaboration techniques -rehearsal
spreading activation
-excitation spreads along the connections of nodes in a semantic network
According to the ______ view of concepts, people categorize new instances by comparing them to representations of previously stored instances.
-exemplar
The _____ view(s) of concepts argue(s) that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries.
-exemplar and schemata
When an experimenter gives subtle cues to participants about how to behave, we say that a(n) ______ has occurred.
-experimenter-exptectancy effect
dual-coding hypothesis
-explains workings of various mnemonics -assertion that long-term memory can code info in two distinct ways- verbally and visually and that items coded both ways are more easily recalled than items coded in one way
damage to Broca's area often leads to:
-expressive aphasia
According to the typicality effect, the statement "A dog is a household pet" should be verified:
-faster than "A ferret is a household pet"
According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified:
-faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models, Rips, Shoben, and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal":
-faster than "a pig is a mammal"
categorization models based on family resemblance rely on:
-feature overlap among the members of a category
A ______ memory is one of historical or personal importance that feels etched permanently into memory.
-flashbulb
a ___ memory is one of historical or personal importance that feels etched permanently into memory
-flashbulb
specific types of episodic memory
-flashbulb memories -eyewitness testimony -repressed and recovered memories
of the following category lists, the one that is in the order superordinate-basic-subordinate is:
-furniture/lamp/table-lamp
implications of prototype theory
-fuzzy boundaries -graded membership -can explain typicality effects
language
-governed by a set of rules (grammar) -productive -arbitrariness -discreetness
Pragmatic rules of conversation lead us to expect our conversational partners to conform to all of the following EXCEPT:
-grammatical correctness
exemplar view of concepts
-idea that a concept consists of mental representations of actual instances or examples -defining features -this model is too unconstrained
scemata and scripts
-integration of prototype and knowledge-based approach
communicativeness
-intentionally provide info -communicative vs informative
Behaviorists objected to the study of visual imagery because:
-it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control
Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that:
-it dispenses with the idea of cognitive economy
According to the ACT model, which of the following would be a part of your procedural memory system?
-knowing how to swing a baseball bat
The ______ view of concepts argues that a person uses his/her theories about the way the world works to justify the classification of instances in the same category.
-knowledge-based
Which of the following approaches would definitely NOT be characterized as a similarity-based approach to conceptual structure?
-knowledge-based
nativists
-language not learnable w/o specialized brain circuitry --nature -cannot be learned through experience -lack of negative evidence -poverty of stimulus -language acquisition device
space of navigation
-large spaces that people walk through, explore, or travel to and through
schema
-large unit of organized info used for representing concepts/situations/events
cultural transmission
-learned by cultural exposure -not developed w/o exposure to others' language
In studying mental rotation of objects, Shepard and Metzler (1971) found that the ______ an object is rotated in space (from zero degrees), participants confirmed the object's identity ______.
-less; faster
The underlying knowledge that allows people to produce and comprehend their language is called:
-linguistic competence
Eyewitness memory could best be described as ______.
-malleable
summary of visual information
-many studies: imagery processes like perceptual process -much visual imagery is in a pictorial format but it likely includes some propositional info -likely a combo of pictorial and propositional format
Autobiographical memory refers to ______.
-memories that the rememberer has been apart of
event memories
-memory for specific episode that a person has participated in or witnessed
Hirst and colleagues? study of flashbulb memories for the events of September 11 showed that participants' ______ fell while ______ remained high.
-memory; confidence
implicit encoding
-mental imagery is used in retrieving info about physical properties of objects or about physical relationships among objects that might have not been explicitly encoded
visual image
-mental representation of a stimulus thought to share at least some properties with a pictorial of spatial depiction of the stimulus -cannot be seen/counted/controlled by others -several mnemonics use visual imagery
concepts
-mental representation of some object/event/pattern -declarative info that comes from semantic knowledge
lexicons
-mental store thought to hold a cognitive processor's knowledge of words, including their spelling, pronunciation, definition of part of speech and so on
how phonemes are produced
-modulating flow of air from lungs to mouth and nose -classified according to features
The smallest unit of language that carries a consistent meaning is called a:
-morpheme
Which of the following terms is defined as "the smallest unit of speech that denotes meaning"?
-morpheme
Which of these is an example of self-contradiction?
-my parrot is not a bird
eyewitness memory
-narrative memory of a personally witnessed event
productivity/generativity
-new words and sentences are created all the time
nature of prototypes
-not all features necessary to fit prototype -match features to a prototype if they are > threshold -individual differences -cultural differences
Participants doing mental imagery tasks tend to show brain activity in the:
-occipital lobe
Some African languages allow two consonants to appear together at the beginning of a word (as in "Nkomo"); English does not allow this to occur unless the first consonant is an "S" (as in "skull"). This example illustrates a difference in the ________ of the two languages.
-phonological rules
The study of the ways in which sounds can be combined in any given language is called:
-phonology
Which of the following is a good example of a basic level of categorization?
-piano
Which of the following would NOT be likely to be a part of your "restaurant" script?
-picking up your fork
formats for visual info
-pictorial or propositional
phonological features
-place of articulation -manner of articulation -voicing
exemplars: pros and cons
-possible advantage: preserves info about variability/ richer/finer-grained concepts -disadvantage: hierarchal structure
flashbulb memory
-ppl recall their personal circumstances at the time they heard or witnessed or unexpected and very significant event -occurrence of very important event -very vivid and long-lasting memory -not necessarily anymore accurate than everyday memories -ex: 9/11
exemplar/instance theory
-ppl simple retain info about all individual exemplars/instances -many stored exemplars of robins/bluejays/sparrows, then ostriches -naming -ppl determine the category of the object they are viewing based on the comparison to things they have already seen that are stored in their mind
According to Anderson, procedural memory represents information as:
-production rules
demand characteristics
-property of certain tasks such that an experimental participants behavior or responses are "cued" by task itself
"Characteristic features" and "family resemblance" are important aspects of the _________ view of concepts.
-prototype
difficulties w/ categorizing via similarity/resemblance
-prototype and exemplar theories based on similarity/resemblance -categorization without resemblance
Studies of eyewitness memory have shown that eyewitness memory is prone to error based on ______.
-questioning after the event
displacement
-reference to other times an places
propositional theory
-reject the idea that images serve as a distinct mental code for representing info
empiricists
-research does not support nativists position -langage learned w/o specialized brin circuitry -nurture -indirect negative evidence -no direct negative evidence
knowledge-based approach
-role of broader knowledge in determining category
prescriptive rules
-rules describing how language is "supposed to be"
script
-schema for routine event
A schema for a routine event, such as going to the dentist, is called a:
-script
Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT?
-semantic memory
The branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning is:
-semantics
Bartlett's (1932) studies used a method known as ______ in which participants were asked to recall information on more than one occasion.
-serial reproduction
According to research, which of the following sets of sentences would take the longest amount of time to read and comprehend?
-she wrapped the christmas presents. the sweater needed a larger box.
In a connectionist model, the elements of processing are:
-simple neuron like elements
typicality effects
-some members of a category are judged to be "better"(more typical) category members than others
discreteness
-sound units of language discrete, not continuous -combined in many different ways
According to Barbara Tversky, there are three types of "space" that result in different types of spatial cognition: space of the body, space around the body, and:
-space of navigation
knowledge of where your feet are located right now is part of your cognition of the:
-space of the body
How do people represent and navigate in and through space? This is a question of
-spatial cognition
Both blind and sighted participants take longer to "scan" the visual image of a map when the actual distance between two landmarks is greater. This illustrates the idea of:
-spatial equivalence
The word superiority effect is related to the idea of:
-spreading activation
structural equivalence
-structure of mental images corresponds to that of actual perceived objects, in the sense that the structure is coherent/well organized/ can be reorganized and reinterpreted
morphology
-study of morphemes in languages
The results from the studies of Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser indicated that:
-subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned.
classical view of concepts
-the idea that all examples or instances of a concept share fundamental characteristics or features -assumes that concepts mentally represent lists of features -assumes membership in a category is clear-cut -implies that all members within a category are created equal
relational-organizational hypothesis
-the idea that visual imagery aids memory by producing a greater number of associations
spatial cognition
-the knowledge and processes used to represent and navigate in and through space
According to Neisser (1982), laboratory studies of memory are useful for understanding how memory works in ______.
-the laboratory
autobiographical memory
-the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story
Preposing (moving a certain part of a sentence to the beginning of the sentence) is syntactically "legal" when:
-the moved segment constitutes a complete constituents of a certain type
The results of Bartlett's (1932) study showed that participants' memories of The War of the Ghosts generally shifted toward ______.
-the participants's own culture
pragmatics
-the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context -how context and convention influences meaning
spatial updating
-the processes by which individuals continually revise their mental representation of where things in the environment are with respect to their current location
In a sentence-verification task, participants respond to these two sentences: "A canary has feathers," and "A canary is yellow." We should predict faster response times to the second sentence because:
-the property of having feathers is associated with the bird node, not the canary node
childhood amnesia
-the relative paucity of autobiographical memories dating from before about 3 years of age
semantics
-the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
phonology
-the study of speech sounds in language
Studies of concept usage have shown all of the following EXCEPT:
-there is high agreement between subjects on judgments such as "Do BOOKENDS belong to the category FURNITURE?"
studies of flashbulb memory indicate that:
-these memories are no more accurate than those for more mundane events
think about how you product the sounds /t/ and /d/ and focus on how you produce the first sounds in each
-these sounds have the same place of articulation
Bird songs and bee dances are not considered to be languages because:
-they cannot express infinite combinations of ideas
When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners,
-they could respond more quickly in verbal form than by pointing
You are reading the sentence "Flywheels are one of the oldest mechanical devices known to man." On which of the following words are you likely to spend the LEAST time fixating?
-to
Which of the following is not an example of a rule of syntax?
-to pronounce the plural of a regular noun, say the noun and add "S" if the noun ends in a hard consonant and add "Z" if the noun ends in a soft consonant or vowel
duality
-two levels to language --level of sounds --level of meanings
The word "thankful" contains how many morphemes?
-two, the parts "thank" and "ful"
mental rotation
-type of visual imagery task in which participants are asked to form an image of a stimulus and then to imagine how it would look as it rotates around a horizontal or vertical axis
tacit knowledge
-underlying and implicit beliefs about a task or event
linguistic competence
-underlying knowledge that allows a cognitive processor to engage in a particular cognitive activity involving language, independent of behavior expressing that knowledge
When comparing people's speed at reasoning with abstract concepts (smarter- dumber), spatial concepts (above-below), and visual relationships (cleaner-dirtier), Knauff and Johnson-Laird found that ______ relationships had the slowest performance.
-visual
Several mnemonic devices, including the method of loci, the pegword method, and the method of interacting images, have in common their reliance on:
-visual imagery
imagery and perception
-visual imagery interferes w/ detecting dim visual stimuli -auditory imagery interferes w/ detecting quiet tones -mental imagery seems to use perceptual mechanisms
Which of the following factors does NOT encourage a person to store information about particular exemplars, according to Brooks?
-we know in advance how we will be called upon to use our newly acquired information later
you might have a "script" for:
-what happens when you go to the barber/hairstylist
ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems:
-working memory/declarative memory/procedural memory
Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?
-z
successful therapy
1) reactivating old memories 2) engaging in new emotional exercise that are incorporated into these reactive memories via process of reconsolidation 3) reinforcing integrated memory structure by racing new ways of behaving/experiencing world in a variety of contexts
key properties of language
1. communicativeness 2. arbitrary symbols 3. productivity 4. discreteness 5. duality 6. displacement 7. cultural transmission
how many phonemes are in the word queen?
4