chapter 7

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percentage of an elderly person's body weigh that is water is

50%

Most of our body water is excreted via the _____ as urine.

kidneys

heat cramps

involuntary spasmodic and painful muscle contractions that are caused by electrolyte imbalances occurring as a result of strenuous physical activity in high environmental heat

Surface water comes from

lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.

Which of the following foods contains the lowest amount of potassium?

one cup of raw spinach

The two electrolytes responsible for intracellular fluid balance are:

potassium and phosphate

Four major minerals found in body fluids are sodium, chloride, _______ and ___________.

potassium and phosphorous

Reduction in blood volume or blood pressure causes ______.

thirst

on an empty stomach alcohol can be absorbed

through the stomach

Groundwater comes from

underground rock formations called aquifers.

The bulk of a person's need for water is met by which of the following?

water and beverages

sensible water loss

water loss that is noticed by a person such as through urine output and visible sweating

women absorb _____ more alcohol than men

1/3 because of fewer enzymes

Most people in the United States consume _____ the daily Adequate Intake (AI) for sodium.

2- 4 times

Traumatic injury can increase fluid loss through _______.

blood loss

water from metabolism provides

300 ml of water

A woman on a daily diet of 2500 kcal needs approximately ______ ml of water.

3000

Which beverage is considered "a drink" in terms of alcohol content?

5 oz of wine

percentage of an infants body weight that is water is

75%

________ is caused by ________ blood sodium concentration.

Hyponatremia; abnormally low

Which of the following is a potential benefit of moderate drinking?

Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels

Hydration status can be determined by paying attention to various indicators. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding how to assess hydration.

Reduced saliva production can be an indicator of dehydration. Weighing the body before and after exercise can be used to detect overhydration and dehydration. Dark urine can be an indicator of water imbalance.

thirst mechanism

a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume

hyperkalemia

a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangerously high

hypokalemia

a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangerously low

hypernatremia

a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously high

hyponatremia

a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously low

heat stroke

a potentially fatal response to high temp characterized by failure of the bodes heat regulating mechanisms also called sunstroke

heat exhaustion

a serious condition characterized by heavy sweating, pallor, nausea and vomiting dizziness and moderately elevated body temp that develops from dehydration in high heat

fluid

a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely. Fluids are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them

electrolyte

a substance that dissociates in solution into positively and neg charged ions and is thus capable of carrying an electrical current

diuretic

a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine. Common diuretics include alcohol some prescription medications and many over the counter weight loss pills

solvent

a substance that is capable of mixing with and breaking apart a variety of compounds. water is an excellent solvent

Hypernatremia is dangerous because it causes _____.

abnormally high blood volume, edema, and elevated blood pressure

alcohol does not need to be digested before it is

absorbed

The metabolic state in which high blood alcohol concentration increases risk of cardiac or respiratory failure is known as ____.

alcohol poisoning

ion

any electrically charged particle, either positively or negatively charged

The electrolytes responsible for a muscle to contract include:

calcium, phosphorous potassium ect

A(n) _____ in blood volume will _____ stimulation of the thirst mechanism.

decrease; increase

sweating and breathing heavily while active in a hot environment leads to

dehydration

If someone experiences symptoms such as craving alcohol and the inability to stop once drinking, they may suffer from ____.

dependence

Consumption of ________ results in fluid loss.

diuretics

Which of the following would be considered insensible water loss?

exhalation from lungs during breathing

If you suspect a friend is suffering from an alcohol disorder, the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse suggests _____.

explain your specific concerns and the consequences of their behavior

plasma is one example of

extracellular fluid

cell membranes are

freely permeable to water but not to electrolytes

electrolytes

help regulate fluid balance not water

Potassium is the major positively charged electrolyte in _________.

intracellular fluid

What is one of the long-term health risks of drinking alcohol?

increased breast cancer

Pregnancy ______ a mother's fluid loss.

increases

Chloride is important to human health because it _____.

joins with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Once absorbed, alcohol is metabolized in the ____.

liver

1,500 mg

max sodium for hypertension

The three primary sources of fluid for our bodies are beverages, foods, and ________.

metabolism

sensible water loss is

noticeable by us

The liver breaks down and metabolizes alcohol at a rate of about

one-half ounce per hour, or the amount of alcohol found in a standard alcoholic beverage.

Electrolytes help control fluid balance via ____, the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane based on solute concentration.

osmosis

In humans, the absorption of phosphorus from plant sources is reduced as a result of our inability to produce enzymes to breakdown a substance called __________.

physic acid

Diets rich in ______ are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels.

potassium

what has the most sodium

ramen

2,300 mg

recommended max sodium for healthy adults

The phytochemical in red wine that plays a role in limiting cell damage is known as _____.

resveratrol

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not

sets and monitors the standards for public water systems.

After exercising on a hot day you experience symptoms including sweating, thirst, weakness, dizziness, and nausea. This is most likely _____.

severe dehydration

The two electrolytes responsible for extracellular fluid balance are:

sodium and chloride

we lose fluids through

sweat, breath, feces

Alcohol is a known ____, a substance that causes fetal harm.

teratogen

dehydration

the depletion of body fluid that results when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake

intracellular fluid

the fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body cells

extracellular fluid

the fluid outside the cody cells either in the bodes tissues or as the liquid portion of blood called plasma

phytic acid

the form of phosphorous stored in plants

insensible water loss

the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation through the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing

blood volume

the mount of fluid in blood

osmosis

the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to areas where solutes are highly concentrated

which of the following is a critical function of fluids

they provide protection for the brain and spinal cord

metabolic water

the water formed as a by product of our bodes metabolic reactions

An example of sensible fluid loss includes _____.

urine

The majority of excess water is excreted through __________.

urine


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