chapter 7
percentage of an elderly person's body weigh that is water is
50%
Most of our body water is excreted via the _____ as urine.
kidneys
heat cramps
involuntary spasmodic and painful muscle contractions that are caused by electrolyte imbalances occurring as a result of strenuous physical activity in high environmental heat
Surface water comes from
lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.
Which of the following foods contains the lowest amount of potassium?
one cup of raw spinach
The two electrolytes responsible for intracellular fluid balance are:
potassium and phosphate
Four major minerals found in body fluids are sodium, chloride, _______ and ___________.
potassium and phosphorous
Reduction in blood volume or blood pressure causes ______.
thirst
on an empty stomach alcohol can be absorbed
through the stomach
Groundwater comes from
underground rock formations called aquifers.
The bulk of a person's need for water is met by which of the following?
water and beverages
sensible water loss
water loss that is noticed by a person such as through urine output and visible sweating
women absorb _____ more alcohol than men
1/3 because of fewer enzymes
Most people in the United States consume _____ the daily Adequate Intake (AI) for sodium.
2- 4 times
Traumatic injury can increase fluid loss through _______.
blood loss
water from metabolism provides
300 ml of water
A woman on a daily diet of 2500 kcal needs approximately ______ ml of water.
3000
Which beverage is considered "a drink" in terms of alcohol content?
5 oz of wine
percentage of an infants body weight that is water is
75%
________ is caused by ________ blood sodium concentration.
Hyponatremia; abnormally low
Which of the following is a potential benefit of moderate drinking?
Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels
Hydration status can be determined by paying attention to various indicators. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding how to assess hydration.
Reduced saliva production can be an indicator of dehydration. Weighing the body before and after exercise can be used to detect overhydration and dehydration. Dark urine can be an indicator of water imbalance.
thirst mechanism
a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
hyperkalemia
a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangerously high
hypokalemia
a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangerously low
hypernatremia
a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously high
hyponatremia
a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously low
heat stroke
a potentially fatal response to high temp characterized by failure of the bodes heat regulating mechanisms also called sunstroke
heat exhaustion
a serious condition characterized by heavy sweating, pallor, nausea and vomiting dizziness and moderately elevated body temp that develops from dehydration in high heat
fluid
a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely. Fluids are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them
electrolyte
a substance that dissociates in solution into positively and neg charged ions and is thus capable of carrying an electrical current
diuretic
a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine. Common diuretics include alcohol some prescription medications and many over the counter weight loss pills
solvent
a substance that is capable of mixing with and breaking apart a variety of compounds. water is an excellent solvent
Hypernatremia is dangerous because it causes _____.
abnormally high blood volume, edema, and elevated blood pressure
alcohol does not need to be digested before it is
absorbed
The metabolic state in which high blood alcohol concentration increases risk of cardiac or respiratory failure is known as ____.
alcohol poisoning
ion
any electrically charged particle, either positively or negatively charged
The electrolytes responsible for a muscle to contract include:
calcium, phosphorous potassium ect
A(n) _____ in blood volume will _____ stimulation of the thirst mechanism.
decrease; increase
sweating and breathing heavily while active in a hot environment leads to
dehydration
If someone experiences symptoms such as craving alcohol and the inability to stop once drinking, they may suffer from ____.
dependence
Consumption of ________ results in fluid loss.
diuretics
Which of the following would be considered insensible water loss?
exhalation from lungs during breathing
If you suspect a friend is suffering from an alcohol disorder, the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse suggests _____.
explain your specific concerns and the consequences of their behavior
plasma is one example of
extracellular fluid
cell membranes are
freely permeable to water but not to electrolytes
electrolytes
help regulate fluid balance not water
Potassium is the major positively charged electrolyte in _________.
intracellular fluid
What is one of the long-term health risks of drinking alcohol?
increased breast cancer
Pregnancy ______ a mother's fluid loss.
increases
Chloride is important to human health because it _____.
joins with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Once absorbed, alcohol is metabolized in the ____.
liver
1,500 mg
max sodium for hypertension
The three primary sources of fluid for our bodies are beverages, foods, and ________.
metabolism
sensible water loss is
noticeable by us
The liver breaks down and metabolizes alcohol at a rate of about
one-half ounce per hour, or the amount of alcohol found in a standard alcoholic beverage.
Electrolytes help control fluid balance via ____, the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane based on solute concentration.
osmosis
In humans, the absorption of phosphorus from plant sources is reduced as a result of our inability to produce enzymes to breakdown a substance called __________.
physic acid
Diets rich in ______ are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels.
potassium
what has the most sodium
ramen
2,300 mg
recommended max sodium for healthy adults
The phytochemical in red wine that plays a role in limiting cell damage is known as _____.
resveratrol
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not
sets and monitors the standards for public water systems.
After exercising on a hot day you experience symptoms including sweating, thirst, weakness, dizziness, and nausea. This is most likely _____.
severe dehydration
The two electrolytes responsible for extracellular fluid balance are:
sodium and chloride
we lose fluids through
sweat, breath, feces
Alcohol is a known ____, a substance that causes fetal harm.
teratogen
dehydration
the depletion of body fluid that results when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake
intracellular fluid
the fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body cells
extracellular fluid
the fluid outside the cody cells either in the bodes tissues or as the liquid portion of blood called plasma
phytic acid
the form of phosphorous stored in plants
insensible water loss
the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation through the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing
blood volume
the mount of fluid in blood
osmosis
the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to areas where solutes are highly concentrated
which of the following is a critical function of fluids
they provide protection for the brain and spinal cord
metabolic water
the water formed as a by product of our bodes metabolic reactions
An example of sensible fluid loss includes _____.
urine
The majority of excess water is excreted through __________.
urine
