Chapter 7 and 8

2. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was able to a. establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states. b. sign major treaties with France and Spain. c. create a new tax policy that would better fund the government. d. eliminate a provision giving judges power to reject congressional acts. e. block the passage of numerous constitutional amendments.

A

6. Which of the following is true of how the leaders of the new nation viewed settlers moving west across the Appalachians in the 1780s? a. They shared their British predecessors' fears that frontier settlers would fight constantly with Native Americans. b. They viewed them as the start of a brigade that was going to spread American values and virtues across the continent. c. They hated them enough to pass laws banning their movement—much like the British Proclamation of 1763—but the settlers ignored them. d. Benjamin Franklin advocated movement westward, but Thomas Jefferson fought him on it. e. They expressed no views that historians have been able to find.

A

7. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a. established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system. b. regulated western land sales through a policy that was amicable to the Indians. c. abolished the Articles of Confederation and called for a second Constitutional Convention. d. was the first step in Alexander Hamilton's plan for economic growth. e. declared all Indian land to be the possession of the U.S. government.

A

1. Which of the following was a characteristic of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation? a. Congress was a two-chambered body, with a House of Delegates and a Council. b. Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce. c. Congress could amend the Articles by a two-thirds vote. d. There were two branches of government—judicial and legislative—but no executive. e. The more populous a state, the more votes it cast in Congress.

B

3. What was Congress able to accomplish with its Native American policy under the Articles of Confederation? a. Nothing; Congress was so powerless under the Articles that nothing happened in this area. b. It negotiated treaties for the tribes to keep their lands, but Congress was so lacking in power that the treaties proved useless. c. Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South. d. Congress backed away from any involvement when land companies requested that the government step aside and leave the West's economic development in private hands. e. Congress recruited enough state militias to force the Native Americans off of their land.

C

5. In the 1780s, settlers in western areas such as Tennessee and Kentucky: a. were especially attentive to what land belonged to Indians and purchased Indian land legally. b. found that the soil was poor for growing cash crops such as tobacco or cotton and moved westward. c. believed they had a right to take possession of western lands and use them as they saw fit. d. were largely wealthy plantation owners who helped settle thriving trading towns along the rivers. e. threatened civil war because they considered the Confederation Congress to be too powerful.

C

4. In the immediate aftermath of independence, how did Congress justify its claim that at least some Indians had forfeited their rights to their lands? a. because they did not farm it b. because they had never believed that the Indians owned the land c. because they were racially inferior d. because they had no written title to the land e. because they had aided the British during the war

E

32. In The Federalist, James Madison argued that: a. the large size of the United States was a source of political stability. b. to be a republic, a country must be geographically small. c. church and state must be linked in order to encourage republican virtue. d. it was essential that slavery be abolished for liberty to flourish. e. presidential power must be stronger than that of Congress and the courts

a

9. Benjamin Banneker was: a. a scientist who helped survey the new national capital. b. congressional leader of the opposition to Hamilton in the early 1790s. c. the secretary of war who publicly disagreed with Washington over Indian policy. d. an African-American slave whose capture inspired the Fugitive Slave Law. e. the first black person elected to Congress when he won election in the "Revolution of 1800."

a

20. Judith Sargent Murray argued that women's apparent mental inferiority to men simply reflected the fact that women had been denied: a. educational opportunities. b. the right to vote. c. the right to own private property. d. enough leisure time. e. the ability to earn a living wage.

a

24. The "American system of manufactures": a. owed a great deal to Eli Terry's development of interchangeable parts in clockmaking. b. originated among entrepreneurs in the Old Northwest before spreading to New England. c. referred to the production of specialty handmade goods by highly skilled artisans. d. was centered entirely on agricultural machinery. e. was nearly derailed by Chief Justice John Marshall's hostility to economic development.

a

27. How did southern states react to the Constitution's provisions regarding slavery? a. South Carolina and Georgia immediately began importing increased numbers of Africans, because in twenty years, the international slave trade could be constitutionally prohibited. b. They refused to ratify the Constitution without assurances that a bill of rights would be added to protect their right to slave property. c. The personal opposition of Jefferson and Madison to slavery prompted Virginia to oppose ratification at first. d. They objected to the electoral college on the grounds that it ignored the number of slaves in their states and thereby reduced their power. e. They were critical of the provision in Article I allowing AfricanAmericans to be armed during wartime.

a

28. The Kentucky resolution originally stated that: a. states could nullify laws of Congress. b. militia could be called on to put down rebellion with force. c. freedom of the press could be suspended in time of war. d. access to the Mississippi River was reserved only for American citizens. e. the United States should go to war in 1812 for conquest of Canada.

a

31. Who wrote the majority of the eight-five essays in the Federalist? a. Alexander Hamilton b. James Madison c. Benjamin Franklin d. John Jay e. John Adams

a

10. How did Americans respond to the French Revolution? a. Almost everyone supported it at first, because the French seemed to be following in Americans' footsteps. b. Hamilton supported the creation of a standing army to prepare the nation should French radicalism spread across the Atlantic. c. Opponents of the French Revolution formed the Republican Party, headed by Thomas Jefferson. d. They blocked passage of Jay's Treaty, which showed preference for Great Britain. e. President Washington immediately spoke out against French radicals and dispatched American warships to assist England.

a

11. Shays's Rebellion: a. used the example of the Revolution and the terminology of liberty in organizing. b. was aimed at the Vermont government, which was especially hard on debtors. c. ended only because the Confederation government used force to put it down. d. had the support of George Washington, but not of Thomas Jefferson. e. arose from the struggle to ratify the Constitution in 1787-1788.

a

11. Squatters: a. set up farms on unoccupied land. b. were corporate charters issued by states as contracts. c. strung telegraph lines between poles. d. set the dynamite as part of railroad construction crews. e. is a derogatory name for the girls who worked in the mill factories

a

13. The first industry to be shaped by the large factory system was: a. textiles. b. guns. c. ironworks. d. pottery. e. shoemaking.

a

17. The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s: a. criticized the Washington administration. b. spoke out against the French Revolution. c. formed only about a dozen chapters in various cities. d. strongly supported Hamilton's economic program. e. broke up and created the Democratic and Republican parties by 1797.

a

18. The New Jersey Plan: a. was mainly supported by the smaller, less populated states. b. contained a gradual emancipation requirement that proved quite controversial. c. was a thinly disguised attempt to resurrect monarchy in America. d. found its greatest support from the Pennsylvania and Massachusetts delegations. e. called for a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation in every way.

a

19. What city was known as "porkopolis" because of its slaughterhouses that butchered and processed hundreds of thousands of pigs each year? a. Cincinnati b. Des Moines c. Indianapolis d. Chicago e. St. Louis

a

19. What qualifications did the Constitution ratified in 1787 impose for voting? a. None; it left voting rules to the states. b. It allowed all white males over twenty-one to vote but expressly banned women. c. It allowed all white males over twenty-one to vote and said nothing about women. d. It imposed a property requirement. e. It specifically banned African-Americans from voting.

a

34. In an 1837 case involving the Charles River in Massachusetts, Chief Justice Roger Taney: a. declared the community had a legitimate interest in promoting transportation and prosperity. b. held that adding a second bridge over the river violated the charter rights of the company that built the first bridge. c. granted Robert Fulton's steamboat company a monopoly in the ferry business on the river. D. issued an opinion in which the U.S. Supreme Court, for the first time, overturned a state law. E. officially declared that capitalism was the economic system of the United States.

a

35. In its decision in the case of Fletcher v. Peck, the U.S. Supreme Court: a. exercised the authority to overturn a state law that the Court considered in violation of the U.S. Constitution. b. declared that corruption involved in the making of a law automatically invalidated that law. c. held that slaves who ran away from their masters had to be returned to them, even if the slaves had gone to a free state. d. asserted that political parties were constitutional even though they were not mentioned in the 1787 document. e. said that the purchase of land from a foreign power, as in the case of Louisiana, was constitutional.

a

37. During the process of ratifying the Constitution: a. two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, voted against ratification. b. Alexander Hamilton reversed himself and argued against ratification. c. propertied men and urban dwellers formed the chief support for the Anti-Federalists. d. northern state conventions unanimously supported ratification while southern ones were deeply divided. e. Thomas Jefferson sent numerous letters from Paris opposing passage, but he was too far away to be really influential.

a

37. The transcendentalist movement: a. emphasized individual judgment, not tradition. b. is also known as the Second Great Awakening. c. stressed team work in order to industrialize. d. was largely based in the South. e. celebrated the economic developments of the market revolution

a

38. Which of the following is NOT true about the expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark? a. They never reached the Pacific coast. b. They found global markets had already touched the trans-Mississippi West. c. It took them two years to complete their journey. d. They brought back numerous plant and animal specimens. e. They were seeking a water route to the Pacific Ocean.

a

42. Which denomination enjoyed the largest membership in the United States by the 1840s? a. Methodist b. Roman Catholic c. Quaker d. Presbyterian e. Episcopal

a

44. Hector St. John Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer: a. popularized the idea of the United States as a melting pot of ethnicities. b. was a thinly disguised allegory explaining the need for the Constitution. c. made the author so unpopular in the United States that he was forced to return to France. d. argued that America should reject manufacturing and remain an agrarian nation. e. made the case that free African Americans were "citizens of color" deserving of full legal rights

a

44. The official seals of New Jersey (1821) and Arkansas (1836) both reflected the widespread identification of freedom with: a. technological progress and material prosperity. b. women's rights and virtuous citizenry. c. expanded democracy and technological progress. d. growing infrastructure and individualism. e. material prosperity and individualism.

a

45. The War Hawks in Congress included: a. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun b. John Randolph and Rufus King c. Oliver Perry and Francis Scott Key d. Andrew Jackson and William H. Harrison e. Carter Glass and Ernest Hollings

a

46. During the first half of the nineteenth century, free black Americans: a. could not, under federal law, obtain public land. b. found, as whites did, that the West offered the best opportunities for economic advancement. c. rose in economic status, but more slowly than whites. d. joined with white artisans in biracial unions that successfully struck for higher wages. e. formed communities that included numerous black professionals such as doctors and lawyers.

a

47. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were brothers who: a. preached a militant message to Native Americans early in the nineteenth century. b. were chiefs of adjacent tribes, the Shawnee and the Seneca. c. fought beside Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans. d. both died at the Battle of Tippecanoe. e. differed on whether Indians or whites were more at fault for Native American problems.

a

48. Which of the following contributed to the poor American performance in the War of 1812? a. The nation was deeply divided about whether to go to war. b. The renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States in 1811 prompted other banks to refuse to help the government to fund the war. c. The war in Europe had ended before the War of 1812 began, and the British were able to pay more attention to the war. d. Because Jefferson had dismantled the entire U.S. Navy, Madison found himself without any ability to fight at sea. e. The United States fought a two-front war: against the British in Canada and against the Spanish in Florida.

a

49. Thomas Jefferson believed that African-Americans: a. should eventually be able to enjoy their natural rights, but they would have to leave the United States to do so. b. who were held in slavery should be emancipated immediately and that every former slave family should be given a forty-acre farm in a western territory. c. should, if legally free, be allowed to marry white persons. d. like Indians, were naturally as intelligent as whites. e. should all be held in slavery because, like Indians, they were clearly inferior to persons of European descent

a

53. In his essay "The Laboring Classes," Orestes Brownson argued that: a. wealth and labor were at war. b. each worker's problems had to be understood individually. c. government was the cause of workers' problems. d. workers were lazy and easily tempted by alcohol. e. workers had achieved true freedom thanks to free enterprise.

a

6. The Erie Canal: a. was far longer than any other canal in the United States at that time. b. attracted an influx of farmers migrating from Virginia and the Carolinas to the Northwest. c. was strongly opposed by residents of Buffalo and Rochester, who feared their cities would lose business. d. was championed by Pennsylvania governor William Findlay. e. proved economically unviable and was abandoned within a decade of its opening.

a

42. Under the Treaty of Greenville of 1795: a. Great Britain agreed to remove its remaining forts from U.S. soil. b. twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government. c. the U.S. government allowed Indians to petition for citizenship. d. the federal government forbade American settlement west of the Mississippi. e. the U.S. recognized Great Britain's claim to what is now Ontario.

b

43. What was the annuity system involving the U.S. government and certain Indian tribes? a. a system under which the Indians ceded land to the United States annually b. a system under which the federal government gave annual monetary grants to Indians c. a system that placed Indians on reservations d. a system that allowed a percentage of Indians each year to attend American schools e. a system where the states paid each local tribe an annual fee for their land

b

1. When George Washington took office as the first president of the United States, American leaders believed that the new nation's success depended on: a. creating political parties as a means of channeling the people's passions. b. maintaining political harmony. c. protecting all forms of freedom. d. Washington's willingness to serve until he died. e. coining money.

b

13. Edmond Genet was a French diplomat who: a. was also a British spy, which led to his arrest in the United States. b. commissioned American ships to fight the British. c. sought refuge in America as soon as the French Revolution began in 1789. d. became a key advisor to President Washington on European affairs. e. sought unsuccessfully to convince the Democratic-Republican Societies to support the French Revolution

b

14. What problem with cotton did Eli Whitney solve by inventing the cotton gin? a. Whitney figured out how to remove the cotton-destroying boll weevil and thereby save the cotton crop. b. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive. c. Processing cotton required too many different pieces of equipment, but Whitney figured out how to change the equipment more easily and quickly, saving time and money. d. Planting the cotton took too many hours to make its growth very profitable, but Whitney enabled planters to use a machine to speed the planting. e. The production of southern whiskey required the use of cotton in purifying the liquor, but the cotton absorbed too much liquid; Whitney's machine changed that.

b

15. The French Revolution: a. was very conservative compared to the American Revolution. b. reinforced the Republicans' sympathy toward the French. c. brought American troops to France to fight for liberty. d. had very little impact on American foreign policy. e. had the support of the American Federalist Party.

b

16. What proposal by Alexander Hamilton found little support in the Constitutional Convention? a. a democratically elected Congress, president, and judiciary b. life terms for president and senators c. a strengthened Congress, but no executive or judiciary d. granting states the right to create their own tariffs e. the inclusion of a Bill of Rights

b

18. Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: a. was the first pamphlet published in the United States by an American woman. b. was inspired by Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. c. won strong support from the Federalist Party. d. strongly challenged traditional gender roles. e. was based on her experiences as a cross-dressing soldier during the Revolutionary War.

b

20. Samuel Slater: a. developed stone-crushing technology useful for road building. b. established America's first factory. c. invented the cotton gin. d. established the Erie Canal. e. was a steamboat innovator.

b

20. Why was the original House of Representatives so small, with only sixtyfive members? a. It was not; it had the 435 members it has now. b. The founders assumed that only prominent individuals could win elections in large districts, and that is what the founders wanted. c. The founders thought that only five people per state were enough. d. Since each state had one vote in the House, the founders thought that this would make debate more cordial. e. There was a housing shortage in Philadelphia, so there was nowhere for more members to stay.

b

22. The 1796 election pitted John Adams and Thomas Pinckney against: a. James Madison and John Marshall. b. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. c. Aaron Burr and John Jay. d. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. e. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.

b

22. Which of the following was responsible for the first large-scale American factory, which was built in Massachusetts? a. Henry Clay, whose sponsorship of a protective tariff made the factory economically viable b. the cutoff of British imports because of the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 c. Cyrus McCormick, who built it to produce his reaper d. the American victory in the War of 1812, which made the United States economically dominant in the Atlantic world e. Samuel F. B. Morse, who became better known for inventing the telegraph

b

23. The "quasi-war" was a war of the United States against: a. England. b. Spain. c. The Netherlands. d. France. e. Canada.

b

25. How did the market revolution change the way Americans conceived of time? a. It led Congress to create time zones in 1823. b. Clocks increasingly regulated the separation of work and leisure time. c. Artisans began spending their lunch hours in political discussions, rather than just taking breaks as they worked throughout the day. d. It lengthened life expectancy because Americans no longer had to work from sunrise to sunset as they had on farms. e. It enhanced the individual American's sense of independence to be able to walk away from work at a certain time.

b

28. The majority of the nearly 4 million immigrants that entered the United States between 1840 and 1860 were from: a. England and Germany. b. Germany and Ireland. c. China and Ireland. d. Mexico and England. e. Germany and China.

b

28. The three-fifths clause in the U.S. Constitution: a. requires that all revenue bills receive a three-fifths affirmative vote in the U.S. House. b. gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted. c. explicitly declared that slaves were not fully human and were therefore undeserving of legal rights. d. made it easier to amend the Constitution than it had been to amend the Articles of Confederation. e. expired in the year 1808 because of a key sectional compromise at the Constitutional Convention.

b

3. What improvement most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. the transcontinental railroad b. canals and steamboats c. the factory system d. a system of federally-financed roads e. the establishment of an efficient postal system

b

30. For which of the following did nativists NOT blame immigrants in the 1840s? a. urban crime b. increased Protestantism c. alcohol abuses d. undercutting wages e. political corruption

b

30. The Somerset case: a. ended the importation of slaves into the United States. b. ruled that slavery was unlawful in England. c. freed slaves from the ship Amistad. d. used the language of liberty to rule that free blacks could own property. e. set the precedent that fugitive slaves had to be returned to their masters.

b

32. Gabriel's Rebellion: a. was doomed to fail because the African-American population of Richmond was so small. b. demonstrated that the slaves were as aware of the idea of liberty as anyone else. c. inspired Virginia to adopt a gradual emancipation law in 1803. d. failed partly because its leaders were plantation slaves, who had less contact with the outside world and were unaware of how little support they enjoyed. e. prompted several states to pass laws requiring slaves to be educated about the Constitution and the importance of obeying the law.

b

32. Which statement about corporations is FALSE? a. A corporation could fail without ruining its directors and stockholders. b. The corporation was not a vital component in the new market economy. c. A corporation enjoyed special privileges and powers granted in a charter from the government. d. Corporations were able to raise far more capital than the traditional forms of enterprise. e. Many Americans distrusted corporate charters as a form of governmentgranted special privilege.

b

34. What was the significance of the case of Marbury v. Madison? a. It was John Marshall's first case as chief justice. b. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review. c. The Supreme Court declared that presidential power was greater than congressional power. d. The decision gave states important new powers to block a too-powerful federal government. e. Marbury's win meant that he became the new chief justice, a post he held for twenty-one years.

b

36. According to John O'Sullivan, the "manifest destiny" of the United States to occupy North America could be traced to: a. the Treaty of Paris of 1783. b. a divine mission. c. the Adams-Onis Treaty. d. the Bible. e. federal treaties with Indian nations.

b

38. Who believed that freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives? a. Eli Whitney b. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. Thomas Jefferson d. John O'Sullivan e. Andrew Jackson

b

4. What was the significance of Robert Fulton? a. He was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. b. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible. c. His innovations led to the revolution in turnpike construction in the early nineteenth century. d. As mayor of New York City, he worked to make that city a commercial center. e. He sponsored congressional legislation that authorized building of the National Road.

b

40. Henry David Thoreau believed that: a. economic independence was essential for freedom. b. genuine freedom lay within the individual. c. the market revolution brought freedom to many. d. true freedom was not obtainable. e. government was the ultimate expression of freedom.

b

45. What helped to encourage Richard Allen to establish the African Methodist Episcopal Church? a. Refused admission to Princeton Seminary because of his color, he decided to set up his own religious organization. b. He was forcibly removed from praying at the altar rail at his former place of worship. c. He wanted to see an integrated church that combined the elements he admired most in the Methodist and Episcopal denominations. d. Fredrick Douglass gave him a generous grant to establish a new church. e. Charles G. Finney persuaded Allen to build a black church since Finney believed worship should be segregated.

b

46. Who wrote that he hoped that the purchase of Louisiana would lead to the transplanting of all the Indians from east of the Mississippi to west of the Mississippi? a. Andrew Jackson b. Thomas Jefferson c. George Washington d. William Henry Harrison e. James Monroe

b

51. The women who protested during the Shoemakers' Strike in Lynn, compared their condition to that of: a. indentured servants. b. slaves. c. Irish immigrants. d. religious dissenters. e. Indians.

b

52. Why did the United States become a one-party nation following the War of 1812? a. The Republicans were blamed for the British victory in Washington, D.C., and therefore lost power. b. The Hartford Convention's allegedly treasonous activities fatally damaged the Federalist Party's reputation. c. Under the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison was able to silence all opposition. d. James Monroe's universal popularity as a hero of the War of 1812 made his Republican Party unbeatable. e. The Federalists were so pleased with the war's outcome that they endorsed a union with the Republicans at their 1816 convention in Hartford.

b

8. Pierre Charles L'Enfant is well known for: a. leading a slave rebellion in Saint Domingue. b. designing Washington, D.C. c. masterminding the XYZ affair. d. negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. e. writing Letters from an American Farmer

b

8. The American railroad industry in the first half of the nineteenth century: a. was exclusively in the North. b. stimulated the coal mining industry. c. was smaller in terms of total miles of track than the European rail system. d. mainly connected one waterway to another waterway. e. encouraged entrepreneurs to begin building extensive canal systems for the first time.

b

1. Which of the following is true of Lafayette's 1824 visit to the United States? a. He made a series of speeches supporting the emancipation of slaves. b. Federalists strongly protested the visit because of Lafayette's connections with the French Revolution. c. Southern states banned "persons of color" from ceremonies honoring him. d. He negotiated a trade agreement that demonstrated the rising economic influence of the United States. e. He came to attend the funeral of his good friend, Thomas Jefferson.

c

10. Which statement about the western settlements is FALSE? a. Settlers often set up farms on land to which they did not have legal title. b. People cooperated with each other to clear land and build shelters. c. The government discouraged western settlement at every turn. d. Americans settled without regard to national boundaries. e. Improvements in transportation and communication accelerated western settlement.

c

13. James Madison: a. urged an expansion of public liberty. b. played no role at the Constitutional Convention. c. was Thomas Jefferson's friend and protégé. d. opposed the idea of a strong national government. e. distinguished himself as the presiding officer at the Constitutional Convention.

c

17. Which of the following is true of the Virginia Plan? a. James Madison opposed it, but the other delegates from Virginia supported it. b. It proposed a one-house legislature, with population determining representation. c. It proposed a two-house legislature, with population determining representation in each house. d. It called for each state to have one vote in Congress. e. It was strongly opposed by the larger, more populated states.

c

19. Which of the following is true of women and political life in the new republic of the 1790s? a. The use of the word "male" in various provisions of the Constitution of 1787 excluded women from any role in politics. b. Women, unlike white men and male African-American slaves, were specifically not counted in determining congressional representation. c. Some women contributed to a growing democratization of political life by arguing for increased rights for their sex. d. Women actually gained the right to vote, but not the right to hold office, in four New England states and in Pennsylvania by 1799. e. The prevailing view of women as intellectually inferior to men meant that women's involvement in politics never was considered.

c

2. All of the following men held a high executive or judicial office during George Washington's presidency EXCEPT a. John Adams. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. James Madison. d. Alexander Hamilton. e. John Jay.

c

21. How did the market revolution affect the lives of artisans? a. Their lives changed little, because the economy allowed for plenty of room for specialized craftsmen. b. New competition created opportunities for the specialized skills of artisans, so their numbers expanded. c. Gathered in factories, they faced constant supervision and the breakdown of craftsmanship into specialized tasks. d. They began working in factories, which they preferred to enduring years of apprenticeship under the old system. e. Most artisans became factory owners and prospered as never before.

c

22. The relationship between the national government and the states is called: a. the separation of powers. b. the New Jersey Plan. c. Federalism. d. the Virginia Plan. e. the Constitution.

c

23. As designed by the Constitution: a. the president was elected by popular vote. b. senators were to serve two-year terms. c. federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people. d. the congressional representatives were to be appointed by state legislatures. e. the Supreme Court justices were to serve ten-year terms.

c

23. What encouraged the building of factories in coastal towns such as New Bedford and even large inland cities such as Chicago by the 1840s? a. Such places generally had cheaper labor (usually consisting of African Americans) than existed in the earlier, highly unionized factory towns such as Lowell and Pawtucket. b. Under Henry Clay's American System, federal and state governments subsidized factories in those locations. c. Steam power meant factories no longer had to be near waterfalls and rapids to generate the power. d. Factory owners were attracted by the highly skilled labor pool of German immigrants who settled in those areas. e. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Gibbons v. Ogden removed obstacles to the placement of factories in densely populated areas.

c

24. Which of the following is NOT a check against presidential power in the Constitution? a. Congress can override a president's veto with a two-thirds vote. b. The House can impeach the president for "high crimes and misdemeanors." c. The House can remove the president from office after impeaching him. d. Congress has the authority to accept or reject some presidential appointments. e. Although the president appoints judges, they serve for life to ensure their independence.

c

26. The Sedition Act targeted: a. Alexander Hamilton's economic ideas. b. Federalists. c. the Republican press. d. illegal immigrants. e. British sympathizers.

c

27. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were a response to: a. the election of 1800. b. Hamilton's economic plan. c. the Alien and Sedition Acts. d. Fries's Rebellion. e. impressments of American sailors.

c

29. The "German triangle" in the mid-nineteenth century referred to: a. a Baltimore neighborhood with a large German immigrant population. b. the identifying patch German immigrants were forced to wear in some American cities. c. Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee—cities with large German populations. d. the special kind of ballot Democrats gave German-speaking voters. e. the superior plow that German immigrant Thomas Mannheim introduced to the United States.

c

33. After becoming president, how did Thomas Jefferson deal with the Federalists? a. He followed through on his inauguration speech's statement ("We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists") and treated them as equals. b. He courted their support because he knew that he could never win approval for his policies without them. c. He tried to roll back almost everything they had done by cutting taxes and the size of government. d. Until just before leaving office, he used the Sedition Act to shut down Federalist newspapers critical of his administration. e. He led a successful effort to impeach and remove from office all Federalist judges, whom he then replaced with Republicans.

c

33. In Gibbons v. Ogden, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that: a. the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional. b. Congress had the authority to create the Bank of the United States. c. New York could not grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey. d. corporations were illegal because their potential to become monopolistic posed a threat to individual free enterprise. e. railroad workers had no right to strike since it interfered with national commerce.

c

35. In The History of the American Revolution, David Ramsey: a. argued that the Constitution represented a repudiation of the Revolution. b. urged southern states to demand greater protection for slavery before ratifying the Constitution. c. praised American state constitutions for allowing future amendments. d. took issue with James Madison's vision of "extending the sphere." e. took the British side when explaining why the Revolution occurred.

c

35. In response to the market revolution: a. the legal system worked with local governments to find better ways to regulate entrepreneurs. b. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that legislatures could not alter or rescind charters and contracts that previous legislatures had created. c. local judges protected businessmen from paying property damages associated with factory construction and from workers seeking to unionize. d. Massachusetts Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw held in Commonwealth v. Hunt that workers had no right to organize. e. corporations proved less able to raise capital than chartered companies did.

c

39. Sacajawea was: a. an elderly Indian woman whom Lewis and Clark enslaved during their journey. b. born to a French-Canadian fur trapper and his Native wife during Lewis and Clark's journey. c. a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition. d. the only member of the Lewis and Clark expedition to return safely to St. Louis. e. the young Shoshone woman whom William Clark married during his winter in North Dakota.

c

40. Which of the following statements is true of New Orleans under Spanish rule? a. Men and women enjoyed complete legal equality, which was unheard of in the United States. b. Slavery was illegal. c. Slave women had the right to go to court for protection against cruelty or rape by their owners. d. An owner could not free his or her slaves without special permission from the Spanish monarch. e. Native Americans had been considered full citizens, with all of the rights and privileges associated with that status.

c

41. Which of the following statements related to the Second Great Awakening is FALSE? a. The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and selfdetermination. b. Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity for his preaching in upstate New York. c. The Second Great Awakening popularized Deism. d. The Second Great Awakening made American Christianity a mass enterprise. e. Revivalist ministers seized the opportunities offered by the market revolution to spread their message.

c

41. Who was defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794? a. Arthur St. Clair b. Henry Knox c. Little Turtle d. Tecumseh e. Anthony Wayne

c

43. What was unusual about the Embargo Act of 1807? a. It was in response to a British embargo imposed after a British ship sank an American ship—an odd set of circumstances, to say the least. b. The Republican majority in Congress passed it and Jefferson vetoed it, but he was overridden for the only time in his presidency. c. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government. d. It would hurt France more than Great Britain, and Jefferson was ardently pro-French. e. It persuaded the British to agree to American terms, even though Great Britain had not been a target of the Embargo Act.

c

44. Which of the following contributed to the United States going to war in 1812? a. Madison's refusal to support Macon's Bill no. 2 b. Great Britain's announcement that it would end the impressment of American sailors c. Congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada d. Tecumseh's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe e. the Republican insistence on high tariffs

c

45. Which of the following is true of American national identity as envisioned by the Constitution of 1787? a. The document distinguished only between those defined as American citizens, who were entitled to constitutionally protected rights, and aliens, who were not so entitled. b. The Constitution clearly states that persons of African descent could not be U.S. citizens, but that anyone of European or Asian descent could be. c. The "people" were free Americans; Native Americans and "other persons," meaning African-American slaves, were not considered part of the political nation. d. The Constitution expressly stated that only white men were entitled to the rights it delineated. e. The Constitution made clear that only civic nationalism, not ethnic nationalism, defined American national identity.

c

46. During the early years of the republic, African-Americans: a. were far fewer in number than Native Americans, so ignoring them was easy for the founders and early leaders. b. enjoyed none of the rights whites enjoyed. c. made up well over 10 percent of the total population. d. were all held as slaves except for a few free blacks in Massachusetts. e. found a champion for the cause of emancipation in Hector St. John Crèvecoeur.

c

48. What came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women? a. freedom b. liberty c. virtue d. family e. temperance

c

49. When Andrew Jackson had the chance to obtain African-American help to fight the British in the Battle of New Orleans, he: a. refused on the grounds that, as a slaveholder, he could not accept their aid. b. discovered that all the blacks in New Orleans had left the city to support the British. c. recruited free men of color and promised them the same pay that white recruits received. d. accepted only enslaved men, to whom he offered freedom as a form of payment. e. accepted, but that so angered the white recruits that he later dismissed all the black soldiers.

c

7. "Strict constructionists" believed: a. Jay's Treaty should be construed or interpreted to put more restrictions on Indians. b. freedom of speech and of the press should be restricted if the president believed that to be necessary. c. the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution. d. the "general welfare" clause of the Constitution gave the federal government power to create a national bank. e. the creation of new western settlements should be strictly limited in order to avoid Indian wars.

c

8. With regard to slavery, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a. allowed for new territorial governments to ban or permit the institution as they saw fit. b. allowed the importation of slaves into the Old Northwest for at least another twenty years. c. banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. d. made no difference, because the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional the following year. e. gave slaveholders the right to recover slaves who escaped into the area north of the Ohio River.

c

49. The role of a white middle-class woman in antebellum America was primarily to: a. pursue a college education. b. take a job outside the home to supplement the family's disposable income. c. have as large a family as possible. d. focus her energies on the home and children. e. produce the daily foodstuffs and necessities that her household required.

d

5. The Erie Canal gave which city primacy over competing ports in accessing trade with the Northwest? a. Baltimore b. Philadelphia c. Boston d. New York e. Chicago

d

10. Shays's Rebellion was significant because it demonstrated: a. that land distribution policies were out of date. b. controversies over the emancipation of slaves could turn violent. c. that Congress's attempts to pass pro-debtor laws were unpopular with farmers. d. to some influential Americans the need for a stronger central government. e. the chaotic nature of Indian policy after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

d

11. What happened to King Louis XVI during the French Revolution? a. He abdicated the throne and moved to Switzerland. b. He successfully fled to Austria with his wife. c. He ruled as a less powerful constitutional monarch after the Revolution. d. He was executed. e. He was rescued by British spies from French imprisonment.

d

12.Which of the following did NOT contribute to the American acquisition of Florida from Spain? a. Andrew Jackson's invasion of the area, during which his men killed British agents and Indian chiefs b. the American seizure of Baton Rouge c. the desire of Georgia and Alabama planters to eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves d. Spain's loss of Haiti in a slave rebellion, which rendered Florida imperially unimportant e. Spain's realization that it was unable to defend the area

d

14. Which two prominent men were not at the Constitutional Convention? a. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams b. Thomas Jefferson and George Washington c. John Adams and George Mason d. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams e. Benjamin Franklin and George Washington

d

15. Which of the following does NOT describe those who attended the Constitutional Convention? a. Most were better educated than the average American of the time. b. Most were prosperous by the standards of the day. c. A significant percentage had served in the army during the Revolutionary War. d. Most had earned their wealth after rising from humble origins . e. A majority had participated in interstate conventions during the 1760s and 1770s.

d

16. What was the most important export from the United States by the midnineteenth century? a. tobacco b. coal c. timber d. cotton e. wheat

d

16. Which of the following is true of the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794? a. The "rebels" largely blamed the Republican Party for their troubles. b. The Rebellion ended after a battle in which the "rebel" leader, Rufus King, was killed. c. It represented the first major challenge to the administration of President John Adams. d. It was the only time in U.S. history that the president commanded an army in the field. e. The Rebellion demonstrated that North-South divisions over slavery could turn violent.

d

17. Which of the following was NOT a way in which westward movement affected the South? a. It led to the increased breaking up of slave families and communities. b. The plantation economy expanded beyond the coastal regions. c. Transportation and banking remained adjuncts of the plantation system. d. The South had to develop a highly effective railroad system to transport goods from west to east. e. The South's agrarian, slave-based social order reproduced itself as settlers went west.

d

21. Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college? a. They did not; it was added to the Constitution after the disputed election of 1796. b. Small states insisted that they have a chance to play a role in choosing the president, and that wouldn't have been possible with direct elections. c. Alexander Hamilton wanted a king, James Madison wanted no president, and the result was this compromise so that there could be a president. d. They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly. e. They knew the Constitution would make them unpopular, so they wanted to create a way to avoid letting voters choose the president, thereby giving themselves a chance to be elected.

d

25. The Sedition Act of 1798: a. targeted recent arrivals to the United States. b. led to the jailing of Federalist editors. c. was more stringent and oppressive than similar laws in Europe. d. led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious speech. e. was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court two years later.

d

27. At the Lowell textile mills: a. southern-born women dominated the workforce, because of their superior knowledge of cotton. b. the lack of supervision showed that the female workers were capable of managing their own lives, which inspired the women's rights movement. c. most women worked once their children were old enough to take care of themselves. D. the owners established lecture halls, churches, and a worker-edited periodical to occupy the workers' free time. e. immigrant women dominated the workforce in the 1820s.

d

3. Alexander Hamilton's long-term goal was to: a. build up the Republican Party's political power. b. assure that the United States would be a primarily agrarian nation. c. promote the power of state governments. d. make the United States a major commercial and military power. e. succeed George Washington as president

d

31. Which of the following helped to increase the visibility and power of the Catholic Church in America in the mid-nineteenth century? a. the fact that President Jackson was Catholic b. the number of Italian Catholic immigrants grew dramatically c. Congressional passage of an Act of Religious Toleration that gave Catholics political rights d. the number of Irish Catholic immigrants grew dramatically e. Archbishop John Hughes's wave of revivals that converted thousands to Catholicism

d

33. Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalist during the ratification debates? a. wealthier citizens b. rural residents closely tied to the commercial marketplace c. merchants engaged in foreign commerce d. state politicians fearful of a strong central government e. urban artisans, laborers, and sailors

d

36. The Anti-Federalist James Winthrop argued that a bill of rights was necessary in the Constitution because: a. the English had one, so America ought to mirror that example. b. the right to bear arms for the militia should be guarded by law. c. using the examples of Wilkes and Zenger, the protection of speech and press was essential. d. it would secure the minority against the usurpation and tyranny of the majority. e. ratification of the Constitution was in doubt without the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.

d

36. The land involved in the Louisiana Purchase: a. had been claimed by France from the 1600s until the United States acquired it. b. included all of what is now Texas and the American Southwest. c. was considered by Jefferson to be practically worthless, yet he did not want it to fall into British hands. d. stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. e. consisted only of what is today the state of Louisiana and the southern half of Arkansas.

d

37. Which of the following is true of the Louisiana Purchase? a. The slave rebellion in Haiti almost persuaded Napoleon to keep Louisiana as a base from which to attack the island if necessary. b. France had guaranteed the United States commercial access to New Orleans, but Jefferson feared that a British victory over France would deprive the United States of that access. c. Jefferson believed that the Constitution explicitly and fully authorized this land deal. d. Jefferson expected the land acquisition to make possible the spread of agrarian republicanism. e. Ironically, a majority of Republican congressmen opposed the Purchase, so Federalist votes ultimately made its approval possible.

d

39. During the first half of the nineteenth century, individualism: a. came under attack from Henry David Thoreau. b. was defined in a way that distinguished it completely from the idea of privacy. c. hampered efforts to spread democracy because it reduced interest in suffrage. d. was rooted in the idea of self-sufficiency. e. was a subject on which all transcendentalists agreed.

d

40. Which of the following is true of how the U.S. government in the 1790s dealt with Native Americans? a. Because the Constitution counted all Indians toward representation in Congress, Indians received all rights and privileges that other Americans did. b. Because the Constitution stated Indian tribes were "domestic dependent nations," the government treated them just as it treated nations like Great Britain and France. c. Henry Knox, the first secretary of war, pursued policies designed to exterminate Native Americans. d. The U.S. government made treaties with them mainly to transfer land to itself or to the states. e. No American leaders believed that Native Americans could assimilate into American society, so the government largely ignored Indians.

d

47. The Naturalization Act of 1790 allowed: a. all immigrants to become citizens. b. only Irish, English, and German immigrants to become citizens. c. everyone except blacks to become citizens. d. only free white persons to become citizens. e. only white men to become citizens

d

47. The cult of domesticity: a. received very little support, which is why people referred to it as a cult, or a small fringe group. b. represented a significant break with the idea of republican motherhood. c. was based on the idea that women should be less dependent upon men. d. led to a decline in birthrates. e. meant that women would concede their household duties to domestic servants.

d

5. Which of the following was NOT an objection raised by critics of Hamilton's proposals? a. Creating a standing army would threaten individual liberty. b. A whiskey tax would unfairly target backcountry farmers used to distilling their grain. c. Hamilton's program would create a corrupt alliance between government and large commercial interests. d. The proposals would prevent the development of manufacturing, and manufacturing was vital to America's future. e. Hamilton's plan for new government bonds would unfairly reward speculators.

d

50. The treaty that ended the War of 1812: a. gave the United States large tracts of land in the West. b. gave Canada the option of joining the United States. c. was a humiliating treaty for Britain. d. restored the prewar status quo. e. resulted in the United States losing land to Canada.

d

52. What did Noah Webster's American Dictionary define as "a state of exemption from the power or control of another"? a. masculinity b. individualism c. artisanship d. freedom e. weakness

d

6. Opponents of Hamilton's economic plan: a. included George Washington. b. were mostly northerners who had supported ratification of the Constitution. c. believed future growth was to be found through close ties with Britain. d. agreed to a compromise that included placing the national capital in the South. e. were simply jealous of Hamilton's close relationship with Washington.

d

7. America's first commercial railroad was the: a. Pennsylvania Railroad. b. Union Pacific Railroad. c. Reading Railroad. d. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. e. South Carolina Railroad.

d

9. Which of the following did states NOT do during the period when the Articles of Confederation governed the United States? a. They imposed their own tariffs. b. They printed their own money. c. They postponed debt collection. d. They called out militias to stop foreclosures on the homes of debtors. e. They held legislative elections in which candidates attacked creditors.

d

42. Jefferson's Embargo Act: a. was successful in restoring freedom of the seas. b. stopped the policy of impressment. c. severely hurt the economies of France and England. d. provoked war with France. e. caused economic depression within the United States.

e

12. Which of the following persons would have been the most likely supporter of the Articles of Confederation? a. a merchant desiring access to British markets b. a Continental army officer from the Revolutionary War c. an urban artisan d. a person who owned a bond issued by the Congress e. an indebted farmer in western Massachusetts

e

12. With whom did Alexander Hamilton and his supporters believe that the United States needed to cultivate a firm relationship in order to survive as a nation? a. the Indians b. the Spanish c. the French d. the West Indies e. the British

e

14. Which of the following led directly to the formation of an organized political party opposed to the Federalist Party? a. Hamilton-Burr duel b. election of 1800 c. Shays's Rebellion d. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions e. Jay's Treaty

e

15. Which of the following is NOT an example of the significance of Eli Whitney's cotton gin? a. Cotton production increased dramatically in about a quarter of a century. b. The Atlantic slave trade to the United States expanded in its last few years of existence. c. The federal government moved to consolidate American control of the Deep South by driving out Native Americans and acquiring Florida. d. The domestic slave trade grew. e. The completion of the Erie Canal allowed the transportation of thousands of pounds of cotton per day.

e

18. Which of the following was NOT a way that the market revolution changed western farming? a. As the West became more settled, western farmers found that they could cater to the market and grow crops they could sell. b. John Deere's steel plow made it easier to till larger quantities of soil. c. Cyrus McCormick's reaper made it quicker and easier for them to harvest wheat. d. Eastern banks and insurance companies financed the acquisitions of supplies needed to expand farmland. e. Farmers in the Old Northwest used slave labor to expand their production.

e

2. The catalyst for the market revolution was a series of innovations in: a. manufacturing. b. agriculture. c. banking and financing. d. labor contracts. e. transportation and communication.

e

21. Which of the following was NOT true of the United States in 1797? a. The two political parties not only demonstrated divisions in the nation, but were divided within themselves. b. John Adams, the new president, was brilliant but austere and stubborn. c. American neutrality in the European war was not working; both England and France were seizing American ships with impunity. d. The United States already was divided along sectional lines, with Federalists strong in New England and Republicans strong in the South. e. Believing that political parties were wrong, Adams included Jefferson and Hamilton in his government, and they did not get along.

e

24. Fries's Rebellion: a. was an uprising in Massachusetts. b. was provoked because of heavy taxes on whiskey. c. resulted in over three-hundred deaths and much property destruction. d. resulted in the execution of John Fries for treason. e. resulted in a loss of support for Federalists in southeastern Pennsylvania

e

25. Which of the following is true of the Constitution of 1787 and of slavery? a. Despite protests from southern delegates, the document permanently freed runaway slaves who made it to the "free air" of the North. b. The Constitution declared that all territories of the United States would be "free soil" where slavery would not be permitted. c. The Constitution explicitly protected the security of property in slaves in any state of the Union, so that a slaveowner could move permanently with his slaves from South to North. d. The Constitution provided for half of a state's slave population to be counted in determining its membership in the House of Representatives. e. Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.

e

26. Which of the following is true regarding Congress and the African slave trade in the United States under the Constitution? a. Congress never prohibited this slave trade. b. The First Congress under the Constitution prohibited the importation of slaves into the United States. c. Congress always let individual states make their own decisions with regard to importing slaves. d. Congress prohibited the African slave trade ten years after ratification of the Constitution. e. Congress prohibited the African slave trade twenty years after ratification of the Constitution.

e

26. Women who worked at the Lowell mills: a. never had time to make friends. b. commuted daily to work from their family farms. c. quickly organized a union to strike for higher wages. d. held management positions. e. lived in closely supervised boardinghouses.

e

29. The Constitution explicitly granted Congress the power to do all of the following EXCEPT: a. pass tariffs. b. coin money. c. regulate interstate commerce. d. issue patents. e. emancipate slaves

e

29. Which of the following is NOT true of the presidential election of 1800? a. John Adams's acceptance of defeat established the precedent of the peaceful transfer of power in the United States. b. The importance of slavery and the three-fifths compromise was demonstrated: without slaves counted as part of the South's population, Thomas Jefferson would have lost. c. The election demonstrated the importance of mobilizing large numbers of voters with more modern campaign techniques, which the Republicans effectively employed. d. The controversy surrounding who would be president led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which changed the operation of the electoral college. e. Thomas Jefferson's victory in the New England states proved to be key to his election.

e

30. Who wrote a petition to Congress as the president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, calling for the ending of slavery? a. Mathew Lyon b. Patrick Henry c. Sarah Morton d. Mary Wollstonecraft e. Benjamin Frankli

e

31. Which of the following is true of the American response to Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave uprising, which led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804? a. John Adams opposed it because it was a threat to the established order. b. Thomas Jefferson welcomed Haitian independence as another example of what he had advocated in the Declaration of Independence. c. Most white Americans were glad to see France, which had turned politically radical, suffer the loss of Haiti. d. Most enslaved Americans opposed L'Ouverture's success because they believed it might inspire a white crackdown on their behavior. e. Many white Americans considered L'Ouverture's uprising to be evidence of blacks' unfitness for republican freedom.

e

34. Anti-Federalists included: a. Patrick Henry and John Adams. b. George Washington and John Hancock. c. Samuel Adams and James Madison. d. Benjamin Franklin and John Jay. e. Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry.

e

38. All of the following statements are true of the Bill of Rights EXCEPT: a. English law strongly influenced some of its provisions. b. It defined, in part, the "unalienable rights" of the Declaration of Independence. c. James Madison considered it unnecessary, but proposed it anyway. d. Reflecting a change in American life caused by the Revolution, it protected religious freedom. e. It explicitly granted states the right of secession.

e

39. The Banner of the Society of Pewterers, one of many artisan groups that took part in the celebrations over the ratification of the Constitution, hails the Constitution as a solid foundation for: a. religious toleration. b. the rights of labor unions. c. preserving slavery. d. mercantilist policies. e. prosperity and freedom

e

4. Which of the following was NOT part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program? a. creating a new national debt, thereby giving bondholders a stake in the nation's future b. the Bank of the United States, modeled on the Bank of England c. a tax on whiskey producers as a means of raising revenue d. taxes and subsidies to promote American manufacturing e. a national capital city with experimental manufacturing

e

41. Why did Jefferson use the U.S. navy against North African states? a. The Barbary pirates held American merchant ships hostage and Jefferson sent in the navy rather than pay the ransom. b. Jefferson wanted to disarm the pasha of Tripoli, who had gathered weapons he planned to use against the United States. c. Plantation owners wanted to import more Africans before the international slave trade became illegal in 1808, and they needed American firepower to help them do it. d. Jefferson had tried to cut the naval budget, and Federalists had accused him of being wishy-washy; Jefferson wanted to show that he could be tough. e. Tripoli had declared war on the United States after Jefferson had refused demands for increased payments to the Barbary pirates.

e

43. John Jacob Astor, who seemed to exemplify the "self-made man": a. turned out to be a fraud, for it was discovered he counterfeited much of his fortune. b. used his great wealth to finance the North during the Civil War. c. made huge profits from distributing the machines built by Thomas Rodgers. d. began his economic ascent through the purchase of Philadelphia real estate. e. became wealthy trading goods between the United States and China.

e

48. Who wrote Notes on the State of Virginia? a. James Madison b. George Mason c. George Washington d. St. George Tucker e. Thomas Jefferson

e

50. In 1829, Lydia Maria Child wrote a popular book called: a. A Housewife No More. b. The Feminine Mystique. c. National Mother, Virtuous Wife . d. Save a Penny for the Family. e. The Frugal Housewife.

e

51. Which of the following was NOT a result of the War of 1812? a. The Federalist Party disappeared as a significant political entity. b. Andrew Jackson became a national hero as an example of how virtuous citizens could defeat forces of a "despotic" Europe. c. Native Americans lost much of their remaining land and power in the Old Northwest and the South, which eased white settlement. d. Americans felt increasingly separate from Europe. e. The United States gained land in what is now Maine, Vermont, Michigan, and Minnesota as well as all of modern Florida.

e

9. Most of the states that entered the Union in the six years immediately following the War of 1812 were located: a. west of the Mississippi River. b. in the Old Northwest. c. south of the Mason-Dixon line. d. in the Louisiana Purchase territory. e. west of the Appalachian Mountains.

e