chapter 7 biology smartbook

Select the molecules that are recycled during cellular respiration, including all of the enzymes used and the coenzymes.

- NAD+ - FAD - CoA.

The energy harvested in the later steps of glycolysis is in which two forms?

- NADH - ATP

Select all of the true statements regarding mitochondria.

- They have matrix. - They have a double membrane.

Aerobic is a term that could be used to describe two of the following options:

- cellular respiration - oxygen requiring

Aerobic is a term that could be used to describe two of the following option. Select those two.

- oxygen requiring - cellular respiration

Place the initial steps for the citric acid cycle in order

1. CoA carries acetyl 2. acetyl joins into a C4 molecule 3. citrate is produced

The two parts of cellular respiration which must occur twice for each glucose molecule that enters the process are

1. Preparatory 2. Citric Acid Cycle

Why does FADH2 produce fewer ATP than NADH?

FADH2donates its electrons lower in the electron transport chain therefore pumping fewer H+

ATP synthase is able to produce ATP when _______ move through the complex.

H+

Match the organism to the product it produces during fermentation: YEAST

alcohol

The series of molecules arranged in the cristae of a mitochondrion, which serve to harvest energy from electrons, is known as

an electron transport chain.

Match the organism to the product it produces during fermentation: BACTERIA

an organic acid or alcohol

During a typical basketball game, a player undergoes periods of intense activity, switching between methods of respiration. The muscles rely largely upon ____________ metabolism when oxygen is depleted and on ___________metabolism once oxygen is restored.

anaerobic; aerobic

The electrons picked up by NAD+ during glycolysis

are passed across the mitochondrial membrane

The 2 carbon acetyl group carried by CoA joins with a C4 molecule to form citrate

at the start of the citric acid cycle.

The organisms that can produce either alcohol or lactate are

bacteria

Select the option that is a product of cellular respiration.

carbon dioxide

When pyruvate is converted into a two carbon acetyl group during the preparatory reaction, ___________ __________ is given off.

carbon dioxide

Which type of ATP production is fueled by the movement of hydrogen ions down an electrochemical gradient, like that which occurs in the mitochondria?

chemiomotic

Match the stage of cellular respiration with the total number of ATP it produces: 2

citric acid cycle

Which of the following is the third stage in cellular respiration?

citric acid cycle

Which stages of cellular respiration produce carbon dioxide?

citric acid cycle preparatory reaction

The electron carriers in the electron transport chain include a class of proteins called

cytochromes

Which of the following electron carriers is required for glycolysis to occur?

NAD+.

Each ______ is used to produce 3 ATP and each ______ is used to produce 2 ATP.

NADH; FADH2

ATP produced by chemiosmosis most directly uses the energy of

a H+ gradient to drive the process

The electron transport chain is best described as

a series of carriers that pass electrons from one molecule to another.

During the later steps of glycolysis the cell obtains

a total of four ATP, and a net gain of 2 ATP.

anaerobic

does not utilize oxygen

In the electron transport chain, the electron carriers

donate electrons to the protein chain

Match the stage of cellular respiration with the total number of ATP it produces: 32

electron transport chain

Cytochrome molecules function in the ______ and are a class of proteins that contain ____.

electron transport chain; iron

True or false: Electrons from the coenzymes are pumped by components of the electron transport chain into the space between the mitochondrial membranes.

false

True or false: The process of cellular respiration is concerned with the production of ADP.

false

Because they require high levels of ATP production during heavy exercise, muscle cells are more likely than other cell types to use

fermentation

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called

fermentation

The process that allows organisms to harvest energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen is

fermentation.

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain they

give off energy that is captured to create a H+ gradient.

The two components that fats are broken down into are

glycerol and fatty acids.

Match the stage of cellular respiration with the total number of ATP it produces: 4

glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and is called

glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules is called

glycolysis.

True or false: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

true

True or false: During cellular respiration, about 60% of the energy from the glucose molecule dissipates as heat.

true

The energy investment steps of glycolysis use

two ATP to activate the glucose.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell causing a molecule of glucose to be broken down into __________.

two molecules of pyruvate

Select the product(s) of glycolysis.

two pyruvate. two ATP (net).

aerobic

utilize oxygen

Place the four stages of cellular respiration in the order in which they typically occur, with the first stage at the top.

1. glycolysis 2. preparatory reaction 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain

Place the four stages of cellular respiration in the order that a molecule of glucose would move through.

1. glycolysis 2. preparatory steps 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain and chemiomosis

How many NADH are produced per glucose during the preparatory reaction?

2

Before entering the citric acid cycle fatty acids are converted to

2-carbon acetyl CoA.

About ______ of the energy available is transfered from glucose to ATP during cellular respiration.

40%.

The complex in the cristae that makes ATP using the energy of the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is

ATP synthase

The production of heat is decreased by coupling the breakdown of glucose to

ATP synthesis

How many ATP are required to shuttle the electrons from NADH across the mitochondrial membrane?

One ATP per NADH

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration because it

is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

Match the organism to the product it produces during fermentation: HUMANS

lactic acid

In humans, fermentation is most likely to occur in the ___________cells.

muscle

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is _______.

oxygen

The coenzyme NAD+ is __________, since it receives two electrons, as the substrate glucose is oxidized during cellular respiration.

reduced

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the molecules are first ______ as they pick up electrons, and then ______ as they release the electrons.

reduced; oxidized

The fate of NADH and FADH2, once they have delivered electrons and H+ to the electron transport, is to be

regenerated as NAD+ and FAD and used again as electron carriers

By coupling the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose to the synthesis of ATP,

the amount of energy lost as heat is reduced.

When comparing the yield of ATP from the different stages of cellular respiration, which produces the greatest number of ATP?

the electron transport chain

With regards to the mitochondrion, the matrix is

the innermost compartment, which is filled with a gel-like fluid.

During cellular respiration, the first CO2 is generated during _______ and the remaining carbons are given off as CO2 during _____.

the preparatory steps; the citric acid cycle