Chapter 7: Bone Tissue

In achondroplastic, a- means "without."

Yes

In ectopic, top- means "place."

Yes

In hypocalcemia, - emia means "blood condition."

Yes

In hypocalcemia, calc- means "calcium."

Yes

In osteoclast, -clast means "destroy."

Yes

Most lamellae of compact bone are concentrically arranged around a space called the ___.

central canal

Contain the nearest blood vessels to most osteocytes in compact bone

central canals

The growth zone of a child's femur is a cartilaginous region between the diaphysis and epiphysis of the bone called the ___.

epiphysial plate

In life, a bone is covered with a very touch, fibrous sheath called the ___.

periosteum

Blood is produced in an organ of the skeletal system called ___.

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

Bones that develop within the tendons sometime after birth

sesamoid bones

peri -

Around periosteum

chondr -

Cartilage chondrogyte

A deficiency of dietary vitamin D will almost certainly lead to hypocalcemia

False

Bones attain their final mass, size, and shape at the end of adolescence

False

The epiphyseal plate is the primary site of bone growth in people of all ages

False

Lack of mineral deposition causes bone softening, a condition known as ___, while lack of protein causes ___ in which bone becomes excessively brittle.

Rickets/osteomalacia osteogeneis imperfecta

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The only method by which mature bones can grow

appositional

Histological examination reveals two types of bone: ___ bone, which forms the surface of all bones, and ___ bone, found within the bodies of the vertebrae and heads of the long bones.

compact spongy

Spongy bone consists of a random array of calcified trabeculae, like the fibers of a kitchen sponge

False

Without calcitonin, most of us would develop fatal hypercalcemia

False

- blast

Form, produce osteoblast

A deficiency of calcium in the blood, called ____, can lead to sustained muscle contractions called ___.

Hypocalcemia tetany

- cul

Little trabeculae

In hemopoietic, -poietic means "harmonious."

No, forming

In diaphysis, -physis means "shaft."

No, growth

In sesamoid, -oid means "false."

No, resembling

In orthopedics, ortho- means "skeleton."

No, straight

Calcium homeostasis in adults in maintained almost entirely by the secretion of ___, which regulates the activity of bone-dissolving cells called ___.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) osteoclasts

Calcium is not deposited in osseous tissue unless there is also a proportionate amount of phosphate in the blood

True

Most bones are in the appendicular skeleton

True

Some bones are formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossificaiton

True

Without medical care, a person could not live for more than a few days without the parathyroid glands

True

Yellow bone marrow can change into hemopoietic tissue when necessary

True

epi -

Upon, above epiphysis

According to ___, the structure of a bone is determined by the mechanical and gravitational forces applied to that bone.

Wolff's law

In osteocyte, osteo - means "bone."

Yes

Which of these is/are true about bone cells? 1. Osteoblasts deposit the organic components of bone 2. Osteoclasts are isolated in lacunae in mature compact bone 3. Osteocytes do not produce bone matrix 4. Osteoporosis is caused by the presence of too many osteoclasts a) 1 & 3 b) 2 & 4 c) 1, 2 & 3 d) 4 only e) all of the above

a) 1 & 3

Which one doesn't belong? a) bony collar formation b) soft callus formation c) hematoma formation d) granulation tissue formation

a) bony collar formation, is a step in endochonrial bone formation; others are steps in bone fracture repair.

In endochondral ossification of the metaphyses of a long bone, the zone of ___ is the area where chondrocytes quit dividing and increase in size. a) hypertrophy b) reserve cartilage c) calcification d) proliferation e) bone deposition

a) hypertrophy

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions in all of the following EXCEPT: a) inhibits osteoclasts in children b) indirectly stimulates RANKL's release c) stimulates calcium reabsorption from the kidney d) aids in the formation of calcitriol e) increases blood calcium levels

a) inhibits osteoclasts in children

The process in which hyaline cartilage is converted to bone is called ___ ossification. a) interstitial b) epiphyseal c) intramembranous d) appositional e) endochondral

a) interstitial

At one stage a healing fracture exhibits a(n) ___, containing collagen and patches of fibrocartilage. a) soft callus b) hard callus c) hematoma d) chondroscarcoma e) osteoma

a) soft callus

The diaphysis of a 35 year old's femur is normally filled with: a) yellow marrow b) red marrow c) dipole d) endosteum e) spongy bone

a) yellow marrow

___, which digests collagen in bone matrix, is secreted by osteoclasts.

acid phosphatase

The skull, spinal column, and the thoracic cage make up the ___ division of the skeleton.

axial

Which of these is/are true about conditions that affect the skeleton? 1. In achondroplasic dwarfism, the skeleton remains cartiliginous throughout life 2. Excessive cola consumption can lead to bone loss in women 3. Anabolic steroid use allows male athletes to grow taller but only if they begin use in adolescence 4. Osteosarcoma is the most deadly for of bone cancer, and it affects males more than it does females a) 1 & 3 b) 2 &4 c) 1, 2 & 3 d) 4 only e) all of the above

b) 2 & 4

Tetany, larynogospasm, and suffocation could result from: a) osteoporosis b) lack of parathyroid hormone c) lack of calcitonin d) hypercalcemia e) osteomalacia

b) lack of parathyroid hormone

Which one doesn't belong? a) osteocyte b) osteoid c) osteoclast d) osteoblast

b) osteoid, this one is the organic matrix of bone secreted by osteogenic cells; others are cell types found in bones.

Blood vessels of the periosteum enter the bone matrix by way of: a) central canals b) perforating canals c) canaliculi d) fossae e) the medullary cavity

b) perforating canals

Which one doesn't belong? a) leg bones b) tarsal bones c) femur d) forearm bones

b) tarsal bones, all others are long bones, except the tarsal that are short bones.

A rough area on a bone, usually serving for muscle attachment, is a(n): a) fossa b) tuberosity c) alveolus d) facet e) sulcus

b) tuberosity

Which of these is/are true about bone structure? 1. Bone matrix contains proteins like collagen that provide flexibility 2. Bone contains both organic and inorganic components 3. In most bones, the epiphyses are wider than the diaphysis, and they are places for muscle attachment 4. Most of the inorganic mineral in bone matrix is calcium carbonate a) 1 & 3 b) 2 & 4 c) 1, 2 & 3 d) 4 only e) all of the above

c) 1, 2 & 3

Which one doesn't belong? a) PTH b) calcitonin c) hydroxyapatite d) calcitriol

c) hydroxyapatite, this one is inorganic crystal (calcium phosphate) in bone; others are calcium-regulating hormones.

All of these are true about clacitonin EXCEPT: a) it is active mainly in children b) it inhibits osteoclast activity c) it raises calcium concentration in the blood d) it stimulates bone synthesis e) it is produced in thyroid C cells

c) it raises calcium concentration in the blood

The fusion of bone marrow stem cells gives rise to: a) chondrocytes b) osteocytes c) osteoclasts d) osteogenic cells e) osteoblasts

c) osteoclasts

One example of ectopic ossification is: a) osteoporosis b) compact bone c) tetany d) atherosclerosis e) osteogenic sarcoma

d) atherosclerosis

During ossification of the humerus, ___ hypertrophy and die. a) osteocytes b) osteogenic cells c) osteoblasts d) chondrocytes e) chrondroblasts

d) chondrocytes

The head of a long bone is called the: a) metaphysis b) trabeculae c) trochanter d) epiphysis e) epicondyle

d) epiphysis

A pit in the surface of a bone is called a: a) trochanter b) condyle c) tubercle d) fovea e) fissure

d) fovea

Which one doesn't belong? a) displaced b) green stick c) comminuted d) straight

d) straight, is not a fracture type, as the others are

The skeletal system serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT: a) acid-base homeostatis b) electrolyte homeostatis c) blood foramtion d) thermoregulation e) protective enclosure of soft organs

d) thermoregulation

Region of long bone made of compact bone with central medullary cavity

diaphysis

Which of these is/are true about osteoporosis? 1. It is the most common bone disease 2. Both males and females suffer from it 3. It involves a decrease in bone mass, especially in spongy bone 4. Risk factors include gender, age, smoking, poor nutrition, and sedentary lifestyle a) 1 & 3 b) 2 & 4 c) 1, 2 & 3 d) 4 only e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which of these is/are true? 1. Trabeculae of spongy bone are covered with endoseum 2. The inner layer of the periosteum contains osteoblasts 3. Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers anchor tendons to bone 4. Diploe is hemopoietic in adults a) 1 & 3 b) 2 & 4 c) 1, 2 & 3 d) 4 only e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Hypocalcemia causes: a) diarrhea b) sluggishness c) changes in blood phosphate concentrations d) hypercalcemia e) excessive sensitivity in nervous and muscle tissues

e) excessive sensitivity in nervous and muscle tissues

The relative concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions must reach a critical value, the solubility product in order: a) to avoid hypocalcemia b) for them to be excreted together in the urine c) to avoid achondroplasic dwarfism d) for bone reorption to occur e) for bone deposition to occur

e) for bone deposition to occur

Calcitroil functions in: a) osteoclast inhibition b) release of osteoclast-inhibiting factor c) prevention of bone breakdown d) inhibition of collagen deposition by osteoblasts e) increase of calcium re-absorbtion by the small intestines

e) increase of calcium re-absorbtion by the small intestines

Calcitroil (vitamin D) synthesis involves all of the following EXCEPT: a) ultraviolet light b) cholesterol c) the kidneys d) the liver e) osteoblasts

e) osteoblasts

The carpals are bones of the: a) cranium b) feet c) ankles d) thoracic cage e) wrist

e) wrist

Describes the function of red bone marrow

hemopoiesis

Mode of ossification that produces the flat cranial bones

intramembranous

Type of ossification that produces the flat bones of the cranium

intramembranous

Osteocytes communicate with each other through their slender cytoplasmic extension that lie in the ___.

lacunae

Cells that release RANKL that in turn increases the number of osteoclasts

osteoblasts

The bone-forming cells that synthesize its matrix and later become trapped in it are called ___.

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ___ that stimulates insulin secretion by the pancreas.

osteocalcin

Bone-dissolving macrophages, with ruffled borders

osteoclasts

Occupy the lacunae of compact bone

osteocytes

The most common adult bone disease, especially among postmenopausal white women, is ___.

osteoporosis