Chapter 7. Childhood: Settings for Development: 7b School

dyslexia

: A learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.

"g"

: Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he claimed underlies all cognitive activities.

practical intelligence

: In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.

creative intelligence

: In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.

analytic intelligence

: In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems.

successful intelligence

: In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition involving having a good balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

validity

: In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality that it is supposed to measure.

reliability

: In measurement terminology, a basic criterion of a test's accuracy wherein scores must be fairly similar when a person re-takes a test.

achievement tests

: Measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.

Flynn Effect

: Remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century.

intrinsic motivation

: The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

extrinsic motivation

: The drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.

specific learning disorder

: The label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.

gifted

: The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

: The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subtests.

Common Core State Standards

: Transformative U.S. public school changes, spelling out universal learning benchmarks and emphasizing teaching through scaffolding, problem solving, and communication skills.

multiple intelligences theory

in Howear Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.

intellectual disability

The label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below.