Chapter 7 Concept Quiz: Individual Factors

The famous statement, "Act as if the maxim of the action were to become by will a universal law of nature," is called _____.

Kant's Categorical Imperative

According to Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, why do different individuals make different decisions in similar ethical situations?

They are in different stages of cognitive moral development

Individuals use different moral philosophies depending on whether they make a personal or work-related decision. Which of the following may explain this behavior? (Select two) a. In the business arena, some goals and pressures for success differ from the goals and pressures in a person's life outside of work. b. Rules, personalities, and precedents exert pressure on an employee to conform to the firm's culture. c. The concept of a moral philosophy is exact, so it is easy to determine human behavior when it comes to ethical decision making. d. An individual's moral philosophy will never change to become compatible with the work environment. e. If an employee views a specific action as good in the business sector, it will always be acceptable outside the work environment as well.

a. In the business arena, some goals and pressures for success differ from the goals and pressures in a person's life outside of work b. Rules, personalities, and precedents exert pressure on an employee to conform to the firm's culture

Teleology is a philosophy associated with which of these statements? a. People decide what is legal or illegal. b. An act is morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result. c. Right or acceptable actions maximize a particular person's self-interest as defined by the individual. d. It is not possible to get too much of a good thing. e. What is moral in a given situation is not only what conventional morality requires but also what the mature person with a "good" moral character deems appropriate.

b. An act is morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result

Which of the following is a moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind? a. Hedonism b. Realism c. Idealism d. Economic value orientation e. Economic freedom

c. Idealism

Because the concept of a moral philosophy is inexact, which of the following is true? a. People do not change moral philosophies due to the corporate culture where they work. b. Implementing moral philosophies from an individual perspective does not require individuals to apply their own accepted value systems to real-world situations. c. Moral philosophies must be assessed on a continuum rather than as static entities. d. Moral philosophies must be assessed as static entities rather than on a continuum. e. Moral philosophies are adopted by individuals permanently.

c. Moral philosophies must be assessed on a continuum rather than as static entities

Which of the following refers to the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right and wrong? a. Goodwill b. Economic freedom c. Moral philosophy d. Goodness theory e. Virtue ethics

c. Moral philosophy

Which of the following statements about white-collar criminals is true? a. White-collar criminals are violent business criminals. b. White-collar criminals do not commit crimes online. c. White-collar criminals tend to be people in positions of power, trust, respectability, and responsibility within a business or organization. d. White-collar criminals tend to be uneducated people. e. White-collar criminals commit illegal acts for the greater good of society.

c. White-collar criminals tend to be people in positions of power, trust, respectability, and responsibility within a business or organization

Which of the following types of justice is based on the relationships between organizational members, including the way employees and management treat one another? a. Hedonistic b. Distributive c. Civil d. Interactional e. Procedural

d. Interactional

Which of the following philosophies evaluates ethicalness subjectively on the basis of individual and group experiences? a. Teleology b. Egoism c. Utilitarianism d. Relativism e. Deontology

d. Relativism

Which of the following philosophies focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than on its consequences? a. Utilitarianism b. Egoism c. Relativism d. Teleology e. Deontology

e. Deontology

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's model, which of the following is the final stage of cognitive moral development? a. The stage of prior rights, social contract, or utility b. The stage of punishment and obedience c. The stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange d. The stage of social system and conscience maintenance e. The stage of universal ethical principles

e. The stage of universal ethical principles

Which of the following philosophies argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional morality standards but also requires considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation? a. Justice b. Utilitarianism c. Relativism d. Deontology e. Virtue ethics

e. Virtue ethics

Right or acceptable behavior in terms of the consequences for the individual is known as _____.

egoism

Crimes perpetrated every year by nonviolent business criminals are known as _____.

white-collar crime