Chapter 7 - Consolidation
___________ transforms new memories from _____________ state to a more ____________ state
Consolidation; fragile; permanent
Reactivation
Hippocampus replays neural activity associated with memory
Bliss and Lomo coined the term
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
Remote Memories
Memories for events that occurred long ago
Graded amnesia
Memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events
Standard Model of Consolidation
Memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus
Reconsolidation
Occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning
What is a practical outcome of research on reconsolidation?
Possible treatment for PTSD
How did Hupback et al. show that reactivation and reconsolidation can affect human memory?
Reactivating the memory for list 1 made it vulnerable to be changed. The original memory for list 1 was not eliminated, it was changed
What did Gais et al. find when studying sleep and consolidation?
The awake group forgot much more than the sleep group
Why does the delay in Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation make a huge difference in recall?
The brain is allowed to start restructuring, making faster connections
What did Wilhelm et al. find when studying sleep and consolidation?
The group that expected to be tested on the task performed much better than the group that did not expect to be tested, even after sleep
Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation
The hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to create new memories after a trauma occurs
Consolidation
The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption
How does the Multiple Trace Model differ from the Standard Model?
The standard model states the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories; not remote memories
Propranolol is a blood pressure medication that blocks activation of stress hormone receptors in the ______________, a part of the brain important for determining the ___________________ of memory
amygdala; emotional components
In Viskontas et al. experiment, they demonstrated that the response of the hippocampus can _________________
change over time
Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation found that recall of the first list was better for the ___________ condition
delay
Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation had two experimental groups. Group 2 was the __________ condition and the second list was learned after a 6 minute delay
delay
In Nader et al.'s experiment on reconsolidation, they found that when injecting anisomycin during reactivation the rats __________
do not have memory for the pairing of a shock and a tone
Long-Term Potentiation
enhancing firing or neurons after repeated stimulation
System consolidation involves ______________ of circuits in the brain
gradual reorganization
Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation had two experimental groups. Group 1 was the ______________ condition and used the first list and then immediately learned the second
immediate (no delay)
Synaptic consolidation means that when neurons are firing at faster rates it leads to _______________________
increased neural activity
Connections between the cortex and the hippocampus during consolidation are _______________. Over time, connections are formed between cortical areas, and the connections between hippocampus and cortex are ____________________
initially strong; weakened and eventually vanish
In Viskontas et al. experiment, the most important finding was that the hippocampus response does change over time, but only for stimuli that have ____________________________-
lost their episodic character
Hebb stated that synaptic changes provide a _______________ of experience
neural record
Hebb's experiment on consolidation states that learning is represented by ___________________________________________________
physiological changes at synapse
The most important finding in the Wilhelm et al. sleep and consolidation experiment is that there is ______________ consolidation for the material that subjects expected would be tested
preferential
Nader et al. did an experiment on reconsolidation in which they injected _________ with anisomycin
rats
Anisomycin is a drug that stops the brains ability to ______________
reconsolidate memories
In Viskontas et al. experiment, subjects were asked to remember pairs of visual stimuli like an alligator and a candle together. After a ten minute and a one week delay they were asked to state either:
remember, know, don't
Graded amnesia is a type of ______________
retrograde amnesia
Long-term potentiation leads to ________________ and __________________
structural changes; enhanced responding
Synaptic Consolidation occurs at __________ and happens ________
synapses; rapidly
The trimming/pruning of unnecessary connections/synapses happens during ___________ consolidation
system
In Viskontas et al. experiment, they found that the activity of the hippocampus was _________________ for pictures remembered at 10 minutes and one week; the activity of the hippocampus _______________ for pictures for which the remember response was absent at one week
the same; decreased
Synaptic consolidation and system consolidation occur _____________; not ____________
together; independently