Chapter 7 - Consolidation

___________ transforms new memories from _____________ state to a more ____________ state

Consolidation; fragile; permanent

Reactivation

Hippocampus replays neural activity associated with memory

Bliss and Lomo coined the term

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for events prior to the trauma

Remote Memories

Memories for events that occurred long ago

Graded amnesia

Memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events

Standard Model of Consolidation

Memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus

Reconsolidation

Occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning

What is a practical outcome of research on reconsolidation?

Possible treatment for PTSD

How did Hupback et al. show that reactivation and reconsolidation can affect human memory?

Reactivating the memory for list 1 made it vulnerable to be changed. The original memory for list 1 was not eliminated, it was changed

What did Gais et al. find when studying sleep and consolidation?

The awake group forgot much more than the sleep group

Why does the delay in Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation make a huge difference in recall?

The brain is allowed to start restructuring, making faster connections

What did Wilhelm et al. find when studying sleep and consolidation?

The group that expected to be tested on the task performed much better than the group that did not expect to be tested, even after sleep

Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation

The hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to create new memories after a trauma occurs

Consolidation

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption

How does the Multiple Trace Model differ from the Standard Model?

The standard model states the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories; not remote memories

Propranolol is a blood pressure medication that blocks activation of stress hormone receptors in the ______________, a part of the brain important for determining the ___________________ of memory

amygdala; emotional components

In Viskontas et al. experiment, they demonstrated that the response of the hippocampus can _________________

change over time

Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation found that recall of the first list was better for the ___________ condition

delay

Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation had two experimental groups. Group 2 was the __________ condition and the second list was learned after a 6 minute delay

delay

In Nader et al.'s experiment on reconsolidation, they found that when injecting anisomycin during reactivation the rats __________

do not have memory for the pairing of a shock and a tone

Long-Term Potentiation

enhancing firing or neurons after repeated stimulation

System consolidation involves ______________ of circuits in the brain

gradual reorganization

Muller and Pilzecker's experiment on consolidation had two experimental groups. Group 1 was the ______________ condition and used the first list and then immediately learned the second

immediate (no delay)

Synaptic consolidation means that when neurons are firing at faster rates it leads to _______________________

increased neural activity

Connections between the cortex and the hippocampus during consolidation are _______________. Over time, connections are formed between cortical areas, and the connections between hippocampus and cortex are ____________________

initially strong; weakened and eventually vanish

In Viskontas et al. experiment, the most important finding was that the hippocampus response does change over time, but only for stimuli that have ____________________________-

lost their episodic character

Hebb stated that synaptic changes provide a _______________ of experience

neural record

Hebb's experiment on consolidation states that learning is represented by ___________________________________________________

physiological changes at synapse

The most important finding in the Wilhelm et al. sleep and consolidation experiment is that there is ______________ consolidation for the material that subjects expected would be tested

preferential

Nader et al. did an experiment on reconsolidation in which they injected _________ with anisomycin

rats

Anisomycin is a drug that stops the brains ability to ______________

reconsolidate memories

In Viskontas et al. experiment, subjects were asked to remember pairs of visual stimuli like an alligator and a candle together. After a ten minute and a one week delay they were asked to state either:

remember, know, don't

Graded amnesia is a type of ______________

retrograde amnesia

Long-term potentiation leads to ________________ and __________________

structural changes; enhanced responding

Synaptic Consolidation occurs at __________ and happens ________

synapses; rapidly

The trimming/pruning of unnecessary connections/synapses happens during ___________ consolidation

system

In Viskontas et al. experiment, they found that the activity of the hippocampus was _________________ for pictures remembered at 10 minutes and one week; the activity of the hippocampus _______________ for pictures for which the remember response was absent at one week

the same; decreased

Synaptic consolidation and system consolidation occur _____________; not ____________

together; independently