Chapter 7: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
expansive mood
person may feel extremely confident or self-important and behave impulsively.
Depression
A mood state characterized by sadness or despair, feelings of worthlessness, and withdrawal from others.
Elevated mood
A mood state involving extreme confidence and exaggerated feelings or energy and well-being.
Mood
Refers to our emotional state or our prevailing frame of mind. Our mood can significantly affect our perceptions of the world, sense of well-being, and interaction with others.
Rumination
Repeatedly thinking about concerns or details of past events.
attributional style
a characteristic way of explaining why a positive or negative event occurred.
major depressive disorder (MDD)
a condition diagnosed if someone (without a history of hypomania/mania) experiences a depressive episode involving severe depressive symptoms that have negatively affected functioning most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 full weeks.
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
a condition involving chronic depressive symptoms that are present most of the day for more days than not during a 2-year period with no more than 2 months symptom-free.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a condition involving distressing and disruptive symptoms of depression, irritability, and tension that occur the week before menstruation.
psychosis
a condition involving lost of contact with or distorted view of reality.
cyclothymic disorder
a condition involving milder hypomanic symptoms that are consistently interspersed with milder depressed moods for at least 2 years.
treatment-resistant depression
a depressive episode that has not improved despite and adequate trial of antidepressant medication or other traditional forms of treatment.
Bipolar II Disorder
a diagnosis that involves at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.
bipolar I disorder
a diagnosis that involves at least one manic episode that has impaired social or occupational functioning; the person may or may not experience depression or psychotic symptoms.
learned helplessness
a learned belief that one is helpless and unable to affect outcomes.
mania
a mental state characterized by very exaggerated activity and emotions including euphoria, excessive excitement, or irritability that result in impairment in social or occupational functioning.
Hypomania
a milder form of mania involving increased levels of activity and goal-directed behaviors combined with an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
major depressive episode
a period involving severe depressive symptoms that have impaired symptoms that have impaired functioning for at least 2 full weeks.
Euphoria
an exceptionally elevated mood; exaggerated feeling of well-being.
circadian rhythm
an internal clock or daily cycle of internal biological rhythms that influence various bodily processes such as body temperature and sleep - wake cycles.
grandiosity
an overvaluation of one's significance or importance.
pressured speech
rapid, frenzied, or loud, disjointed communication.
mixed features
concurrent hypomanic/ manic and depressive symptoms.
flight or ideas
rapidly changing of disjointed thoughts.
co-rumination
extensively discussing negative feelings or events with peers or others.
rapid cycling
the occurrence of four or more mood episodes per year.
emotional lability
unstable and rapidly changing emotions and mood.