Chapter 7: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

expansive mood

person may feel extremely confident or self-important and behave impulsively.

Depression

A mood state characterized by sadness or despair, feelings of worthlessness, and withdrawal from others.

Elevated mood

A mood state involving extreme confidence and exaggerated feelings or energy and well-being.

Mood

Refers to our emotional state or our prevailing frame of mind. Our mood can significantly affect our perceptions of the world, sense of well-being, and interaction with others.

Rumination

Repeatedly thinking about concerns or details of past events.

attributional style

a characteristic way of explaining why a positive or negative event occurred.

major depressive disorder (MDD)

a condition diagnosed if someone (without a history of hypomania/mania) experiences a depressive episode involving severe depressive symptoms that have negatively affected functioning most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 full weeks.

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

a condition involving chronic depressive symptoms that are present most of the day for more days than not during a 2-year period with no more than 2 months symptom-free.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a condition involving distressing and disruptive symptoms of depression, irritability, and tension that occur the week before menstruation.

psychosis

a condition involving lost of contact with or distorted view of reality.

cyclothymic disorder

a condition involving milder hypomanic symptoms that are consistently interspersed with milder depressed moods for at least 2 years.

treatment-resistant depression

a depressive episode that has not improved despite and adequate trial of antidepressant medication or other traditional forms of treatment.

Bipolar II Disorder

a diagnosis that involves at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.

bipolar I disorder

a diagnosis that involves at least one manic episode that has impaired social or occupational functioning; the person may or may not experience depression or psychotic symptoms.

learned helplessness

a learned belief that one is helpless and unable to affect outcomes.

mania

a mental state characterized by very exaggerated activity and emotions including euphoria, excessive excitement, or irritability that result in impairment in social or occupational functioning.

Hypomania

a milder form of mania involving increased levels of activity and goal-directed behaviors combined with an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.

major depressive episode

a period involving severe depressive symptoms that have impaired symptoms that have impaired functioning for at least 2 full weeks.

Euphoria

an exceptionally elevated mood; exaggerated feeling of well-being.

circadian rhythm

an internal clock or daily cycle of internal biological rhythms that influence various bodily processes such as body temperature and sleep - wake cycles.

grandiosity

an overvaluation of one's significance or importance.

pressured speech

rapid, frenzied, or loud, disjointed communication.

mixed features

concurrent hypomanic/ manic and depressive symptoms.

flight or ideas

rapidly changing of disjointed thoughts.

co-rumination

extensively discussing negative feelings or events with peers or others.

rapid cycling

the occurrence of four or more mood episodes per year.

emotional lability

unstable and rapidly changing emotions and mood.