Chapter 7 Inquizitive sociology

Social stratification in one form or another is present in all societies.

true

true statements about the wealth gap in the United States.

-The super-rich are super-consumers. -In the United States, the share of the country's wealth belonging to the top 0.1 percent of households jumped from 7 percent in 1978 to 22 percent in 2012.

precarious workers

-Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this. -includes contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work

Which terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?

-horizontal social mobility -vertical social mobility

The average age of first marriage for women with a graduate degree.

30

The percentage of new mothers with a high school diploma or less.

34

open system

a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another

closed system

a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another

What American system does law professor and civil rights attorney Michelle Alexander suggest is a type of caste system in her book The New Jim Crow?

criminal justice

Which of the following terms have been used to describe the racial hierarchy in Brazil?

-racial democracy -polite racism

Gender is the most important characteristic of stratification in more traditional societies.

-Different societies use different criteria for ranking their members.

Which social class category is comprised of people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year?

underclass

intergenerational mobility

movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next

A researcher discovers that, in the labor market, blacks face discrimination compared to whites, but black men are much more likely to face discrimination than black women. What concept does this highlight?

Intersectionality

The American achievement ideology suggests that people who are not successful did not work hard enough

Social stratification is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society.

The current federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour and has been since 2009. How much would the minimum wage need to be to constitute a living wage?

$11-$18 hr

In terms of annual income for a family of four, what is the poverty line in the United States, as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services?

$24,000

Why does the ideology of equal opportunity resonate with most Americans?

-Americans tend to believe that unequal opportunities restrict meritocracy. -We live in a bourgeois society, in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive.

true statements about the trends of college enrollment by income level from 1975 to 2014.

-The college enrollment gap between low-income and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1975 to 2014. -Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school graduates enrolled in college in 2014 as in the late 1990s. -A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, have been enrolling in college over time.

true statements about the federal poverty line.

-The percentage of people living below the federal poverty line has never dipped below 10%. -The federal poverty line is an absolute measure.

Underemployment

-includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skills -Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this

Creative Class

-includes writers and artists -often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle class

each demographic category most likely to believe that the American Dream still exists.

-race: Hispanics -education: college graduates

The average age of first marriage for women with a high school diploma.

25

Barack Obama was able to become president of the United States even though African Americans are generally lower status than whites in the United States.

Social stratification is a characteristic of society.

Mark Zuckerberg is likely to pass down his wealth to his children.

Social stratification persists over generations.

Max Weber suggests that wealth, power, and prestige must all be attained to reach upper-class status and any individual aspect of social class cannot be converted into another.

false

Match each social class to its percentage of the U.S. population.

middle class -30% upper class-1% working(lower middle)class-30% working poor- 13% upper middle class-14% underclass -12%

intragenerational mobility

the movement between social classes that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetime

Place the levels of education for each class in the Typical Education column.

upper class -Some prestigious university degrees

Match each occupation to its associated social class.

working poor - seasonal work upper middle class - professionals and managers working(lower middle) class - clerical jobs middle class - highly skilled blue collar jobs