Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory - Structure (Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation)

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. Memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus b. Memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred c. Fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories d. When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

d. When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect b. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis) c. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period d. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.

a. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Repeating the words over and over in your mind c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrieval b. Processing c. Encoding d. Retrograde

a. Retrieval

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. Specificity b. Consolidation c. Transcription d. Priming

a. Specificity

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated b. Strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated c. Strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated d. Uninvolved in memory consolidation

a. Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. Temporary post-traumatic stress disorder b. A failure of memory consolidation c. Disrupted long-term potentiation d. Korsakoff's syndrome

b. A failure of memory consolidation

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Cued-recall b. Consolidation c. Encoding specificity d. Amnesia

b. Consolidation

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. Feedback b. Highlighting c. Organization d. Making up questions about the material

b. Highlighting

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. Recent b. Remote c. Anterograde d. Emotional

b. Remote

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. Imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory b. The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task c. The person remembering generates their own retrieval cues d. There is deep processing during acquisition of the new material

b. The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. Larger electrical impulses in the synapse b. The growth of new dendrites in neurons c. Increased firing in the neurons d. An increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons

c. Increased firing in the neurons

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. Depth of processing b. Forming connections with other information c. Organization d. Rehearsal

c. Organization

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. Implicit memory b. Reconsolidation c. Organizational context d. Imagery

c. Organizational context

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. Memory consolidation b. State-dependent learning c. Transfer-appropriate processing d. Encoding

d. Encoding