Chapter 7 Mastery Session

Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually change adolescents' behaviors?

- When adolescents are exposed to the mass media, they bring preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations to the experience of watching or listening to mass media - Preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations influence what adolescents perceive, what they pay attention to, and what they remember - Adolescents are not exposed to the mass media as blank slates

What makes a positive youth development program successful?

- the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles - the extent to which participants are helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill their obligations - the extent to which participants are expected to take responsibility for their behavior

What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?

- the size of the adolescent population - the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group - the prevalence of student employment

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries?

As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students

Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?

Jeannette, who lives in the United States

Which of the following statements about adolescents' social communication on the Internet is most supported by scientific research?

Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the Internet

Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?

Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school

What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use?

The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental effects on adolescents' physical health.

How are nonworking students affected in their schoolwork when large numbers of students work?

The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations and assign less homework

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?

The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied

According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in neighborhoods that:

are low in collective efficacy

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:

drop out of school

The highest levels of media use are reported by:

early adolescents

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do?

get a job at the local music store

Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?

greater enjoyment of school

According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance?

in combination of when the adolescent has friends who like to party and use drugs, when the adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure, when they lack supervision

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?

increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:

leisure activities

Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?

longitudinal

Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what?

positive youth development

Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on _____ activities.

productive; leisure

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:

restaurants and retail establishments

Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that:

the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor

Considering the changing labor market, which of the following strategies would be most likely to prevent high rates of youth unemployment?

to reform schools so that all students graduate with enough academic skills to enroll in college

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

when they are alone

Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?

working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities