Chapter 7 Megalopolis

During the summer months in the Vineyard, more than _____ additional residents sweet the population, and another ______ visit on any summer day.

100,000 and 25,000

Public companies must report their financial results every

3 months

An estimated 2ft rise by the end of the century could inundate up to

400 hundred square miles of the Chesapeake Bay coastline

Megalopolis extends from the Atlantic Coastal Plain into the

Appalachian Blue Ridge and Piedmont

The southern margin expands into counties beyond

Arlington, Virginia

Megalopolis occupies the elevated sea bottom of the

Atlantic Coastal Plain

What makes Manhattan's high-rise skyline possible?

Bedrock geology--a metamorphic rock called schist. Where the schist is close to the surface, it provides the structural stability needed for the skyscrapers

In the United States, the region from Boston to Washington, D.C., ____corridor populated by more than 52 million people, is Megalopolis, one of the largest conurbations in the world

Bos Was Corridor

A region where business and finance reign supreme

Bos Wash corridor

Organizations that support sustainability worked to terminate the ______ ______ and preserve the waterways for the future by calculating its environmental and social costs, thereby revealing the true cost of modifications

Broadwater Project

The ____ _____ or Chatham shorelines accrete or recede randomly each year, but the continued sea level rise is washing away the sandy cliffs and threatening habitats and homes.

Cape's Wellfleet

The New York City water supply system encompasses 3 reservoir systems. Must is upstate in the

Catskill Mountains on land protected from development.

The _____ ____ estuary is the largest in the nation, incorporating portions of 6 states and stretching 200 miles from Havre de Grace, Maryland, to Norfolk, Virginia.

Chesapeake Bay

The low-lying topography and increased population living along the shore make the bay on of the most vulnerable to sea-level rise.

Chesapeake Bay

In the 1960s, deindustrialization, the environmental movement, and legislation such as the

Clean Water Act rehabilitated the Connecticut River

During the Industrial Revolution, the river was used to dump waste

Connecticut River

Waterways are plentiful along the Megalopolis coast, 5 major rivers flow from their Appalachian headwaters to the sea.

Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Potomac Rivers

Some companies have begun to issue self-regulated _______ _______ _______ reports that begin to address the ethics of incorporating the triple bottom line.

Corporate social responsibility or CSR

The ____ estuary stretches from Cape May in New Jersey, inland past Philadelphia, and upstream to Trenton, New Jersey.

Delaware

The embayed topography, indented coastline, and deciduous forests were a welcome sight to

European immigrants

Settled the Vineyard in 1642 near the present site of Edgartown

Europeans

____ flattened the land, leaving moraines that shaped the exposed ridge of Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Long Island.

Glaciers

New York City's landscape has been altered since

Henry Hudson landed (changed so radically few could imagine it prior to Anglo America settlement until the Mannahatta Project revealed in 2008 the ecological landscape)

The forest became on e of the most studied ecologic resources in the world, documented by articles, numerous thesis and dissertations based on its climax status and the forest:s historic provenance.

Hutcheson Memorial Forest

New Jersey contains 2 anomalous rural areas,

Hutcheson Memorial Forest and the Pine Barrens

Coined the term Megalopolis

In 1957 Geographer Jean Gottman

A study of tree rings revealed that every decade prior to European settlement fire had spread through the forest, but none since.

In the case of the Hutcheson

The tip of the isle of ______ sits the financial capital of the United Staes and one of the most important cities in the world.

Manhattan

(New York City's Landscape) The biota were lost under tons of concrete--concrete supported by

Manhattan's sturdy schist bedrock

As the glacier retreated 10,000 years ago, ______ ______ and _____, located 7 miles south of Cape Cod were dry, inland hills on the coastal plain. As the ice melted and the water rose, they became islands on the continental shelf.

Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket

Freshwater supplies have hit crisis levels, and residents of

Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey have been periodically ordered to restrict water use

Generates 20% of nation's total personal income, 4th largest economy in the world, ahead of France and the UK, Greatest wealth and greatest poverty 1/4 of all U.S. Wholesale trade 1/4 of those working in finance and law highest population densities in the nation business and government center for the nation

Megalopolis

Greek for "very large city"--an extended urban area with millions of people.

Megalopolis

Settled in 1795, settlers farmed and fished the bountiful waters until 1800, whaling was the primary industry from 1800 to 1870s, when petroleum replace whale oil.

Nantucket

A proposal in ______ _______ for the first offshore wind farm in the United States had the island communities up in arms since 2003. Most opponents based their opposition on aesthetics and navigation, but in 2010 the wind farm was approved

Nantucket Sound

Just to the south and west of New York City lies ____ ____, the most densely populated state.

New Jersey

The fall line extends from

New Jersey to Talladega, Alabama

Center of Megalopolis

New York City

The largest city in the United States since the end of the 18th century

New York City

In 1749, this student of Linnaeus of taxonomy fame, documented the area including the woodlot. Among his notes were comments about the woodlot:s canopy, so open a carriage could drive through. It was this comment that changed perceptions of the old-growth forest.

Peter Kalm

The tourism economy followed when petroleum replaced what oil in Nantucket, beginning slowly, with religious camp revival meetings in the Vineyard, while _____ became the dominant force on Nantucket

Quakers

In 1954, the 65 acre Hutcheson forest, located in the middle of densely populated New Jersey, was sold to _____ _____ and "rediscovered" as the last remaining old-growth Piedmont forest in New Jersey, a last remnant of "natural" land prior to Angle settlement. Declared a static and unchanging climax forest, it became a cause celebre.

Rutgers University

Traffic permitting, once more than a day's ride aways is incorporated into the Boston metropolitan area, as are the coastal areas of New Hampshire and southern Maine

Merrimack Valley

Dutch immigrants named ______ cleared and settled the land, leaving a woodlot as most settlers did in the the Hutcheson Memorial Forest.

Mettler

Several Megalopolis BosWash Cities lie near the

deep bas of the convoluted coastline

The ____ ______ of the environment that Hudson found has planted the seeds to understand the lost natural landscape. By knowing our land and what we have done to it, we can begin to live with the landscape instead of against it.

digital re-creation

The rivers may be depressed below sea level, creating _____ ____ and converting them to estuaries and bays--Chesapeake, Delaware, and New York bays.

drowned rivers

The Atlantic Ocean defines the

eastern boundary of Megalopolis

Several Megalopolis organizations seek:

environmental, ecological,and social equity in water use

a major geologic feature of southern Megalopolis, where the harder rock of the Piedmont ends and the softer coastal soils begin

fall line

Megalopolis cities tend to be either at the rapids and waterfalls of the

fall line (Trenton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington) or at harbors (New York and Boston)

Changes the composition of the forest and helps propagate oaks and hickories but squelches sugar maples

fire

The Chesapeake has multiple habitats:

forests, wetlands, tidal marshes, and open waters. Each meets the needs of specific biota.

The question remains whether or not a quarterly-report can mix with

green buildings, clean waterways, and a long-term sustainable future

The number of people on the islands of the Vineyard and Nantucket,

has created a variety of environmental issues, from overfishing to pollution and energy needs. The growth of population and increasingly small lots for the less wealthy has added water pollution to the ills of the island, as septic systems will make it more difficult and expensive for new homeowners.

The unintended consequence of this human-dominated landscape have altered the ecology of the region, reduced wildlife habitat and natural vegetation, and created environmental issues.

have altered the ecology of the region, reduced wildlife habitat and natural vegetation, and created environmental issues. Climate change conditions have added to the complex mix

No longer can the "invisible hand" of self-interest be the sole guide to a

healthy economy

New England's longest river, evolved when glacial Lake Hitchcock drained 13,000 years ago after a moraine dam eroded, flooding the valley and blanketing it with fertile sediment.

The Connecticut River pg. 155

Offer safe ports and were the location for Anglo settlements.

The Delaware and Chesapeake Bays

2 Major Bays define the sites for major Megalopolis cities:

The Delaware and Chesapeake bays, 2 submerged valleys that are now estuaries

Marks the southern extend of the last ice age glaciations. North of the river the topographic formations--drumlins, moraines, outwash plains, and fjords--are remnants of the ice age glaciation.

The Hudson river pg. 155

The Appalachian headwater rivers spawned the waterpower-dependent cities of the Industrial Revolution and may be a source of future power.

The Hudson, Connecticut, Delaware and Potomac pg. 155

A remnant of norther New Jersey's heavily forested Piedmont region.

The Hutcheson Memorial Forest

The Chesapeake, Long Island, and Delaware estuaries continue to

house ever-larger populations, while industrials waste, raw sewage, and hypoxia induce fish kills

The former tributaries of the Lower Susquehanna:

The Potomac, James, and Rappahannock, now empty into the drowned valley. Much of the area is shallow and a critical habitat for aquatics.

What generally divides the fall line topography; not is a distinct escarpment, south diminishes to rapids with little "fall" but a distinctive soil transition from the harder Piedmont to the sandy coastal alluvium.

The Rappahannock River in Chesapeake Bay

Studies revealed new plant species in the Hutcheson forest since Kalms 18th century study, If the ecosystem was climax and undisturbed, why were these plants present?

The answers lie in human disturbances in the forest, development, agriculture, introduction of exotic species by air or animals, and climate change had change the "pristine" forest.

The main attraction of Megalopolis is not its rural areas but

its cities, a conurbations where the edges of one city meet the edges of the next

There were signs as the 1980's, when the Rainforest Alliance began working with business to create a program for identifying environmentally sound wood products:

more graduates were taking jobs outside traditional environmental areas, jobs like engineering , wast management, policy development, law and resource protection

Today human artifacts hide the

natural regional landscape pg. 155

In Cape Cod, oceanside sand cliffs have

no reisstance to rising sea level and waves

Caused the entire eastern shoreline has caused saltwater intrusion that threatens coastal aquifers and results in a depletion of wildlife, aquatic sea life, and lack o water for the growing population

overallocated freshwater

The boundaries of Megalopolis are not

physical

Hutcheson Memorial Forest was indeed special, not because of its climate change, but because it

provided lessons in dynamism and the indirect effects of human activity

Supported a fishing economy until the late 20th century when increased population caused runoff pollutions and sea level rise began to threaten coastal areas.

rivers and bays

The result of sea-level rise and groundwater pumping, has affected the low-lyings coast and resulted in contaminated drinking water

seawater intrusion

2 types of people inhabit the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket

the locals and those who have second or third homes

Tidal action scours the estuaries clean, but pollution now overcomes the tide's ability

to cleanse water

The conurbation is ideal for sustainable

transportation, but it also challenges living with natural resource limitations

______ environmental assaults, such as the aborted Broadwater Energy Project to pipe liquefied natural gas, continue to threaten the already contaminated Long Island Sound

unsustainable

In Chatham, located on the elbow of the Cape, 9 houses were lost to storms, and more are

vulnerable to the capricious movement of sand

The region of Megalopolis is defined more by

where people live, the growth in population, and the extent of sprawl than by the physical landscape of the Atlantic Coastal Plain

The western boundary is the least distinct of all and is best defined as

where urban meets rural, seldom more than 100 miles inland

During the 1990's, as sustainability and renewable energy the new _____ seventy additional watershed sites were identified as having hydropower potential

zeitgeist

The Connecticut River has been used and abused over, according to the

zeitgeist (spirit of the times)

Settled the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket about 10,000 years ago

Wampanoags

Were a convenient sure of fuel, timber, and hunting

Woodlots

The real growth impetus was

World War II and the evolution of mass transport

Hutchison Memorial Forest, The answers to these questions changed forest ecosystem+

a steady state climax forest evolves in relation to surrounding influences.

Climate change has already begun to raise sea levels and erode coastal areas lacking

basement rock

The pressure to show shareholders a profit forces company officials to sanction environmentally and socially damaging actions that will

cause more economic harm in the long run but satisfy short-term predictions

The 130 ____ _____ project will provide up to 75% of the Cape and island energy needs.

Cape Wind

Poor farmland that was never settled to the degree of more productive soils, and today the drive from Atlantic City to Camden remains bucolic

Barrens

Southern New Jersey's soil, sandy and acidic, supports miles of pitch pine forests called the

Barrens

Portion of New England is a recently emerged part of the continental shelf

Cape Cod to Hudson River

3 Large city ports, now support petrochemical shipments and refineries:

Philadelphia; Camden, New Jersey; and Wilmington, Delaware

The ______ are protected as a national reserve due to threatening suburban encroachment.

Pinelands

35 million years ago, a meteor strike formed a crater at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, creating a drowned estuary in the lower

Susquehanna River

Sea level rise due to global warming is

accelerating more quickly than was anticipated even at the millennium

New York City water has been proclaim as among the

best in the world and is one of the last unfiltered drinking water supplies in the nation, although it is treated with chlorine and fluoride to meet disinfection and contamination standards

Southern Megalpolis waterways have been

less successfully renewed

In the Vineyard, escalating prices and taxes have cause many of 15,000 year-round local residents to

lose their homes