Chapter 7 - Memory

___________ memories develop when an individual are unable to recall the source of the memory and it becomes unclear if it really happened.

False

(Select all that apply) Declarative memory is subdivided into which two parts? Semantic memory Short-term memory Procedural memory Episodic memory

Semantic memory Episodic memory

_____________ memory is the memory system that holds information while actively manipulating the information.

Working

Having done "21 for 21" shots, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _____ memory is sketchy. a. procedural b. semantic c. working d. episodic

d. episodic

When we recall doing our last psychology assignment, we are using ____ memory. a. semantic b. short-term c. long-term d. episodic

d. episodic

Memories of a specific, important, or surprising emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery.

flashbulb memories

A friend tells you, "I know exactly where I was and what I was doing when I heard that Prince died." What is this type of memory phenomenon called?

flashbulb memory

A part of the brain's limbic system, it is involved with memories involving emotion.

Amygdala

Select all that apply Information stored in long-term memory is ______ and ______. permanent unreliable retrievable sensory

permanent retrievable

Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved.

recall

________________ memory is a subdivision of declarative memory that is concerned with general knowledge and facts.

Semantic

___________ memory is the first stage of memory where information from a stimulus is stored briefly.

Sensory

Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties.

amnesia

The_____________ plays an important role in the storage of memories involving emotion.

amygdala

Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury.

anterograde amnesia

A person's ______________________ memories are the person's recollections of life experiences and incorporate his or her episodic memories.

autobiographical

Our recollections of our own life experiences.

autobiographical memory

_______ disease results in a gradual decline in cognitive abilities and typically begins as simple forgetfulness but progresses to profound memory loss. a. Amnesia b. Alzheimer's c. Parkinson's d. Dementia

b. Alzheimer's

______ is a form of memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties. a. Exterior amnesia b. Amnesia c. Anterior amnesia d. Retro amnesia

b. Amnesia

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of a. storage. b. retrieval. c. memory. d. retention.

b. retrieval.

Forgetting older information because of more recent information is called a. active interference. b. retroactive interference.

b. retroactive interference.

Material in memory storage that has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful.

retrieval

A stimuli that allow us to more easily recall information that is in long-term memory.

retrieval cue

The more we think about and analyze something, the more likely we are to be able to _____________ it later.

retrieve

A memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information.

working memory

___________ is the loss of information in memory through nonuse.

Decay

A processor that is involved in reasoning, decision making, and planning.

central executive

A ______________ is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored together in short-term memory.

chunk

The loss of information in memory through its nonuse.

decay

Reflects information from the visual system.

iconic memory

Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as ___________________ _____________.

spreading activation

Specializes in visual and spatial information.

visual store

When certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned.

Long-term potentiation

A group of separate pieces of information stored as single unit in short-term memory is referred to as a. working memory. b. rehearsal. c. a chunk. d. a mnemonic.

c. a chunk.

One way to increase the amount of information that can be retained in short-term memory is to s. rehearse the information. b. take advantage of elaborative rehearsal. c. break the information into chunks. d. study the same information several times.

c. break the information into chunks.

Intentionally remembering something involves a. attention. b. implicit memory. c. explicit memory. d. intentive memory.

c. explicit memory.

Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory.

cue-dependent forgetting

When a person remembers information that did not happen or remembers it in an inaccurate way.

false memory

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. This is probably a ______________ memory.

flashbulb

A part of the brain's limbic system helps to consolidate memories, stabilizing them after they are initially acquired.

hippocampus

The __________________ is located below the cortex and is important for consolidation of memory.

hippocampus

Memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior.

implicit memory

Difficulty in accessing a memory because of the presence of other information is known as _____________.

interference

The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information.

interference

The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.

levels-of-processing theory

The relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time is called ____________- ____________ memory.

long-term

Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve.

long-term memory

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.

memory

The physical changes that take place in the brain when new material is learned, simply fade away or disintegrate over time.

memory traces

There appear to be two types of declarative memory: _______________ memory for knowledge and facts and ________________ memory for personal experiences.

semantic, episodic

The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant.

sensory memory

Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds.

short-term memory

Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as?

spreading activation

The maintenance of material saved in memory.

storage

Information must be encoded and _____________ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

(True or False) Recognition is much more difficult than recall.

False

Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like.

declarative memory

_______________ is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information.

Memory

(True or False) Episodic memories relate to particular contexts.

True

Holds and manipulates material relating to language, including speech, words, and numbers.

verbal store

A part of the brain's limbic system, it plays a central role in the consolidation of memories.

Hippocampus

A stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory.

Retrieval cues

If you have been exposed to a piece of information but it did not register with you, it would be said that the information was not properly a. encoded. b. systemized. c. retrieved. d. stored.

a. encoded.

The two parts of ______ memory, a type of explicit memory, are episodic and semantic. a. short-term b. long-term c. explicit d. performance e. declarative

e. declarative

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.

Alzheimer's disease

______________ is a memory strategy used to group information whereas, _____________ is repeating information over and over.

Chunk, rehearsal

What is it called when memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory?

Consolidation

When memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory.

Consolidation

What is it called when certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned?

Long-term potentiation

Occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion.

Elaborative rehearsal

Occurs when the information is considered and organized in some fashion.

Elaborative rehearsal

Recording information in a form usable to memory.

Encoding

A disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story.

Korsakoff's syndrome

____________-______________-______________ theory states that the more a person analyzes a statement, the more likely he or she is to remember it later.

Levels-of-processing

Strategies for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered.

Mnemonics

Strategies for organizing information in a way that makes the information more likely to be remembered.

Mnemonics

On a list items that are best remembered are items that come early.

Primacy effect

__________________is the process of retrieving a specific item from memory.

Recall

______________ effect is when items presented at the end of a list is remembered best.

Recency

On a list items that are best remembered are items presented late.

Recency effect

Apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious.

Repressed memories

Are apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind pushed them into the unconscious.

Repressed memories

Locating material and bringing it into awareness so that it can be used.

Retrieval

(Select all that apply) What are the three processes of memory? Retrieval Elaboration Sensation Storage Encoding

Retrieval Storage Encoding

________________ interference occurs when material is difficult to retrieve because of subsequent exposure to other material; ______________ interference refers to difficulty in retrieving material as a result of the interference of previously learned material.

Retroactive, proactive

Refers to the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.

Sensory memory

Occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it.

Source amnesia

A brain implant that works like a pacemaker and helps improve memory. It stimulates the brain and in turn has improved memory in experimental settings.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)

(True or False) Forgetting helps keep unwanted and unnecessary information from interfering with retrieving information that is wanted and necessary.

True

How does use of a schema improve memory? a. A schema provides a framework to use in interpreting a situation. b. A schema prevents the erosion of implicit memories. c. A schema improves memory for details. d. A schema helps avoid making errors in remembering the details of a situation.

a. A schema provides a framework to use in interpreting a situation.

_____ results in a gradual decline in cognitive abilities. a. Alzheimer's disease b. Retrograde amnesia c. Korsakoff's syndrome d. Anterograde amnesia

a. Alzheimer's disease

Identify the theory of forgetting that has been correctly matched with its description. a. Interference—Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory. b. Retroactive interference—Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material. c. Cue-dependent forgetting—Forgetting occurs because other information in memory disrupts the retrieval of the information one is trying to remember. d. Decay—Material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

a. Interference—Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory.

______ memories involve general knowledge and facts. a. Semantic b. Long-term c. Working d. Episodic

a. Semantic

The loss of information through nonuse is called a. decay. b. amnesia. c. forgetting. d. interference.

a. decay.

Memory for factual information, names, faces, dates, and the like is called ______ memory, whereas memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball, is called procedural memory. a. declarative b. short-term c. working d. sensory

a. declarative

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last? a. encoding → storage → retrieval b. storage → encoding → retrieval c. encoding → retrieval → storage d. storage → retrieval → encoding

a. encoding → storage → retrieval

According to the levels-of-processing theory, recall depends on the degree to which information is initially processed. Hence, to enhance memory and ensure maximum retention, one should a. focus on the meaning of the information and relate it to what one knows. b. repeatedly read aloud the information. c. visualize the pages containing the information and then "read" the material contained in them. d. highlight the information so that it stands out in comparison to other information.

a. focus on the meaning of the information and relate it to what one knows.

Unlike sensory memory, short-term memory a. has incomplete representational capabilities b. stores information for less than a second. c. receives information from the working memory. d. holds a relatively full and detailed representation of the world.

a. has incomplete representational capabilities

In rehearsal, as long as a piece of information is repeated, it a. is maintained in short-term memory. b. undergoes a high level of analysis and processing. c. is retained in sensory memory. d. acts as a retrieval cue for recalling purposes.

a. is maintained in short-term memory.

The distinction between long- and short-term memory a. is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage. b. is somewhat artificial.is supported by the distinction between c. declarative memory and procedural memory. d. has failed to gain empirical support in memory research.

a. is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.

When we cannot quite recall some information, but we once knew it, we are having a failure of a. long-term memory retrieval. b. recognition adaptation. c. short-term memory retrieval. d. explicit memory retrieval.

a. long-term memory retrieval.

In the context of the potential influence of a written language on the recall ability of a culture's members, research has a. revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability. b. not yielded a definitive conclusion as yet. c. shown that a written language tends to increase people's memory ability. d. revealed that a written language tends to decrease people's memory ability.

a. revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability.

When we reconstruct memories from our past, we tend to remember information in terms of a. schemas. b. accurate processes. c. categorize information. d. engrams.

a. schemas.

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information is ______ networks. a. semantic b. working c. long-term d. short-term

a. semantic

Arjun is a psychology student. He attempts to replicate Hermann Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting. In his experiment, Arjun decides to read the first 10 pages of a book. If Arjun were to try and remember what he read in the first few pages of the book a couple of hours later, what is he most likely to find? a. that he has forgotten most of it, although he remembers a news article from the previous day b. that he remembers most of what he read in the first 10 pages of the book c. that he remembers everything he read in the first 10 pages of the book d. that he remembers what he read in the first page, but he may not be able to recall the following pages

a. that he has forgotten most of it, although he remembers a news article from the previous day

Working professionals are likely to have a vocabulary of about 75,000 words. They are likely to know about aspects related to different departments in their organization. They may also be aware of the knowledge required to be an expert in their field of work. In addition, they are likely to have no difficulty remembering their childhood. These professionals are able to remember such details because a. the capacity of their long-term memory is vast. b. this information is stored in their sensory memory. c. these memories are catalogs in their working memory. d. they receive retrieval cues for all of these memories on a daily basis.

a. the capacity of their long-term memory is vast.

Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties is known as ______________.

amnesia

Which of the following refers to the recollections of life experiences that include the episodic memories we hold about ourselves? a. Selective memory b. Autobiographical memory c. Autoimmune memory d. Procedural memory

b. Autobiographical memory

Identify an accurate statement about the relationship between the memory modules of long-term memory. a. Both episodic and semantic memory are components of procedural memory. b. Declarative memory and procedural memory are the major components of long-term memory. c. Both declarative and semantic memory are types of episodic memory. d. Sensory and semantic memory are the major types of procedural memory.

b. Declarative memory and procedural memory are the major components of long-term memory.

Which of the following is TRUE of the neuroscience of memory? a. The process called consolidation shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned. b. In the process of consolidation, memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory. c. The initial encoding of information aided by the amygdala is passed along to the hippocampus where it is actually stored. d. The engram is a part of the brain's limbic system that consolidates memories, stabilizing them after they're acquired.

b. In the process of consolidation, memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory.

When people reach late adulthood, they are more likely to remember which of the following? a. Repressed and false memories b. Periods of major life transition c. Peaceful and noneventful times in their lives d. Events that occurred before they were one-year-old.

b. Periods of major life transition

In which memory store does information first have meaning? a. Explicit memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. Sensory memory

b. Short-term memory

A physical memory trace within the brain that is related to a particular memory is a. a false memory. b. an engram. c. dependent upon the memory. d. a semantic myth

b. an engram.

When we retrieve information, the memory that is produced is affected not just by the direct prior experience we have had with the stimulus but also by our guesses and inferences about its meaning. Accordingly, our memories reflect a. levels of processing. b. constructive processes. c. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. d. priming.

b. constructive processes.

Recency effect is when items presented at the _____ of a list is remembered. a. first and end b. end c. middle d. first

b. end

The physical stuff of memory—the ______—is produced by a complex of biochemical and neural processes. a. module b. engram c. schema d. semantic network

b. engram

Declarative memory is sometimes referred to as ______ memory, whereas procedural memory is referred to as ______ memory. a. implicit; explicit b. explicit; implicit c. semantic; episodic d. episodic; semantic

b. explicit; implicit

When it comes to autobiographical memories, people tend to a. remember mostly troubling events. b. forget information about the past that is incompatible with the way they currently see themselves. c. remember the more mundane times of their lives. d. have a more precise and accurate recollection of events than in any other type of memory.

b. forget information about the past that is incompatible with the way they currently see themselves.

Knowing to quickly move out of the way of someone running out of control, straight towards you is stored in ______ memory. a. semantic b. implicit c. explicit d. echoic

b. implicit

The memories held in short-term memory are a. detailed and precise. b. incomplete representations. c. sensory in nature. d. long-lived.

b. incomplete representations.

False memories are beneficial in that they a. are devoid of emotional meaning. b. may allow people to maintain a positive self-image. c. keep us from having relationships with others unless we have overly positive views of them. d. allow for a reality check when their inaccuracy is determined.

b. may allow people to maintain a positive self-image.

Although it has been 5 years since he last played basketball, Robert can still shoot consecutive hoops with ease. Robert's memory is an example of a. explicit memory. b. nondeclarative memory. c. sensory memory. d. episodic memory.

b. nondeclarative memory.

Forgetting that occurs because previous learning conflicted with recalling newer information is called a. interference dysfunction. b. proactive interference. c. active interference. d. retroactive interference.

b. proactive interference.

"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late-2008," asks a question in the midterm paper of an economics course. Such a question is a test of _____ memory. a. procedural b. recall c. recognition d. nondeclarative

b. recall

When given a fill in question with no choices provided, the form of retrieval is a. relearning. b. recall. c. retention. d. recognition.

b. recall.

Apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious are called ______ memories. a. false b. repressed c. implicit d. flashbulb

b. repressed

Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as a. rote learning. b. spreading activation. c. network priming. d. elaborative rehearsal.

b. spreading activation.

________ rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion. a. Primary b. Rote c. Elaborative d. Maintenance

c. Elaborative

In one experiment, baseball fans recalled details of the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. This best reflects the effect of which of the following on memory? a. Flashbulb memories b. Priming c. Emotional meaning d. Prejudice

c. Emotional meaning

Which of the following is TRUE of sensory memory? a. The precision of sensory memory is low due to its brief duration. b. Sensory memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information. c. Sensory memory can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed. d. Sensory memory is the memory store in which information first has meaning.

c. Sensory memory can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed.

Which memory holds information temporarily while actively rehearsing that information? a. Long b. Small c. Working d. Temporary

c. Working

The primacy effect refers to the fact that a. items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier. b. the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items. c. items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list. d. items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall.

c. items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.

After a skiing accident, during which 70-year-old Bill hit his head on a tree, he could not remember how he got on the mountain in the first place. This is an example of a. anterograde amnesia. b. Alzheimer's disease. c. retrograde amnesia. d. dementia.

c. retrograde amnesia.

Betty hit her head in a car accident. Since then, she can remember things after the accident, but cannot recall items from before the accident. This is an example of a. anterograde amnesia. b. episodic memory. c. retrograde amnesia. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

c. retrograde amnesia.

Organized bodies of information in memory that bias the way that new information is stored are called a. implicit memories. b. memory traces. c. schemas. d. engrams.

c. schemas.

Identify the example that illustrates the concept of explicit memory. a. taking a call while driving b. having a feeling of vague dislike for an acquaintance without knowing the reason behind that feeling c. trying to remember a phone number that was learned earlier d. jumping out of the path of an oncoming automobile

c. trying to remember a phone number that was learned earlier

Working memory contains a ______________ ________________ ______________ that is involved in reasoning, decision making, and planning. The central executive integrates and coordinates information from three distinct subsystems, and it determines what we pay attention to and what we ignore.

central executive processor

A group of separate pieces of information stored as a single unit in short-term memory.

chunk

Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events

constructive processes

Which of the following best encapsulates autobiographical memory? a. Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory. Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than others. b. Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory. The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. c. Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory. The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. d. Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory. Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than are others.

d. Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory. Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than are others.

Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory. Which of the following is probably the best reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory? a. Classical conditioning requires conscious awareness. b. Classical conditioning allows us to learn from experience. c. Classical conditioning is one mechanism whereby we learn actions and skills that we can recollect intentionally. d. Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness.

d. Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness.

Jerry is at a party. He is introduced to three different people in the span of a moment. Later, he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name. Which of the following is most likely the source of Jerry's difficulty? a. Jerry's working memory capacity was exceeded by the number of people he met. b. Jerry experienced interference in retrieving the woman's name. c. Jerry failed to rehearse the woman's name sufficiently. d. Jerry failed to encode the woman's name.

d. Jerry failed to encode the woman's name.

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? a. Fay has little memory of her 18th birthday celebrations. b. Megan remembers how to ride a bike even though she has not ridden one in a long time. c. Cooper has fond memories of his first kiss with his girlfriend. d. Ryan is aware that "beleiv" is the incorrect spelling of "believe."

d. Ryan is aware that "beleiv" is the incorrect spelling of "believe."

Dr. Peter Ziemer is seeing a new patient, Mrs. Aaronson. She is experiencing memory losses. Dr. Ziemer tests her language and problem-solving abilities. He also asks her if she has a history of alcohol abuse. What might the language and problem-solving tests tell Dr. Ziemer? What would the answer to the alcohol-abuse question tell him? a. The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, or Korsakoff's syndrome on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether anterograde amnesia is a possibility in her case. b. The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from anterograde amnesia on the one hand, or retrograde amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case. c. The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Korsakoff's syndrome on the one hand, or some form of amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Alzheimer's disease is a possibility in her case. d. The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, or some form of amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case.

d. The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, or some form of amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case.

Dr. Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen. He assumes students will assemble, take notes, and occasionally ask a question. That Dr. Tranh finds the process so routine reflects the development of a. a retrieval path. b. a semantic association. c. explicit memory. d. a schema.

d. a schema.

Our memories reflect _______, in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events. a. source amnesia b. deep processing c. eyewitness accounts d. constructive processes

d. constructive processes

The first process in recording information in a form usable to memory is referred to as a. recall. b. decoding. c. retrieval. d. encoding.

d. encoding.

When memories are connected to specific, vivid events, they are called a. accurate memories. b. photogenic memories. c. episodic memories. d. flashbulb memories.

d. flashbulb memories.

Rehearsal increases the a. length of time that information can be held in sensory memory. b. amount of information that can be held in short-term memory. c. amount of information that can be held in sensory memory. d. length of time that information can be held in short-term memory.

d. length of time that information can be held in short-term memory.

Engrams are a. are a myth. b. have clear evidence. c. the equivalent of random memories. d. not yet determined.

d. not yet determined.

Spreading activation refers to the fact that a. short-term memory requires a lot of cognitive resources. b. short- and long-term memory are two distinctive types of memory. c. memories for events are easier to remember when given context. d. one memory may trigger related memories.

d. one memory may trigger related memories.

In ________ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in ________ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. a. regressive; progressive b. retroactive; proactive c. progressive; regressive d. proactive; retroactive

d. proactive; retroactive

When you try to list all the classes you've ever taken in college, chances are you will recall your last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? a. chunking b. primacy effect c. memory consolidation d. recency effect

d. recency effect

A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a _____ and an _____ test of memory. a. recognition; implicit b. recall; explicit c. recall; implicit d. recognition; explicit

d. recognition; explicit

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of a. encoding. b. storage. c. potentiation. d. retrieval.

d. retrieval.

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory? a. working memory → short-term memory → long-term memory b. short-term memory → working memory → long-term memory c. short-term memory → sensory memory → long-term memory d. sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory

d. sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory

Incoming information from the environment is initially processed in a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory. c. iconic memory. d. sensory memory.

d. sensory memory.

During a conversation, Jerry told his friend that their favorite rock band was going to perform in their city. However, he could not remember the medium through which he got the information about the show. Jerry was experiencing a. dissociative amnesia. b. anterograde amnesia. c. retrograde amnesia. d. source amnesia.

d. source amnesia.

Saving information for future use is called a. retention. b. retrieval. c. encoding. d. storage.

d. storage.

Levels-of-processing theory suggests that one way to remember something is to a. hear about it. b. smell it. c. read about it. d. think about it.

d. think about it.

If, after learning the history of the Middle East for a class 2 years ago, you now find yourself unable to recall what you learned, you are experiencing memory ___________ , caused by nonuse.

decay

Stores auditory information coming from the ears.

echoic memory

The initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory.

encoding

The physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory.

engram

Contains information that represents events and occurrences—things that happen to us

episodic buffer

Contains information that represents events and occurrences—things that happen to us.

episodic buffer

Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context.

episodic memory

Intentional or conscious recollection of information.

explicit memory

The information stored in declarative memory can be verbally communicated to others and is sometimes called?

explicit memory

Occurs, in which items presented early in a list are remembered better.

primacy effect

A phenomenon that occurs when exposure to a word or concept (called a prime) later makes it easier to recall information related to the prime.

priming

Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

proactive interference

Memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball; sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory or implicit memory.

procedural memory

In which items presented late in a list are remembered best.

recency effect

Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.

recognition

The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.

rehearsal

Interference in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

retroactive interference

Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event but not for new events.

retrograde amnesia

Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled.

schemas

Some memory researchers believe that long-term memory is stored as associations between pieces of information in _____________ networks.

semantic

Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

semantic memory

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.

semantic networks

The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows—a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

While with a group of friends at a dance, Eva bumps into a man she dated last month. But when she tries to introduce him to her friends, she cannot remember his name. What is the term for this occurrence?

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

New research shows that a brain implant that works like a pacemaker helps improve memory. In the research, a method called _____________ _______________ ____________ ___________________ (____) stimulates the brain and in turn improves memory in experimental settings

transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)