Chapter 7
In order to digest cellulose or lignin which plants have as a form of defense, herbivores may have fungi, protists, or that live in their digestive tracts.
bacteria
A newer method of extracting gold involves leaching ore with ______ which can leak into and contaminated the groundwater.
cyanide (CN-)
During photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments absorb photons of light and immediately transfer the energy to ______.
electrons
Herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores are all examples of
heterotrophs
The functional response occurs when there is a(n) in food availability for hungry animals, which in turn causes an increase in feeding rate. This rate eventually levels off.
increase
Because PEP carboxylase has a high affinity for carbon dioxide, C4 plants are able to the concentration gradient between the atmosphere and in the inside of their cells. This also allows them to have stomata open, which conserves water.
increase fewer
When C:N ratios were manipulated by adding sucrose to the environment of bacteria grown in leached gold ores, the ______.
increase in the C:N ratio resulted in 100% breakdown of the available cyanide
Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called
prokaryotes
C3 photosynthesis
refers to the conversion of RuBP to a 3-carbon acid called PGA
This graph of the Bolser and Hay experiment shows that ______.
sea urchins ate twice as much temperate seaweed than tropical seaweed
Which of the following is a type of anatomical defense that prey organisms use?
shells spines
When a predator selects its prey according to the size of the prey, this is called ______.
size-selective predation
The most common type of chemosynthetic bacteria found in the ocean oxidizes as their energy source.
sulfur
The process of photosynthesis is powered by _____as an energy source.
sunlight
The results of the Bolser and Hay experiments where sea urchins were fed temperate and tropical seaweed suggested that seaweeds are better defended against attack by herbivores due to plant toxins.
tropical
Herbivores ______.
typically ingest food with lower carbon:nutrient ratio than they require for growth and metabolism
Many warning coloration patterns include yellow and/or orange along with sharply contrasting color such as
black
True or false: CAM plants have lower water use efficiency than C3 or C4 plants.
False
True or false: All plant toxins result in killing of the consumer that attempts to eat the plant.
False Some toxins repel or impair the consumer but don't result in death.
True or false: There are no known naturally occurring populations of bacteria that use benzene as their source of carbon and energy.
False There are benzene-using bacteria in aquifers near gasoline storage tanks
Which of the following is not true?
Gasoline and petroleum derivatives are always stored above ground.
What does this image suggest?
Lighter-colored moths will be favored by natural selection.
______ wavelengths of light, such as infrared light, carry ______ energy than shorter wavelengths of light, such as UV light.
Longer; less
According to the graphs, bluegill should feed on prey that are at least
4
The relationship where an increase in food availability leads to an increased feeding rate for hungry animals (up to a certain point) is called the
functional response
Plants transmit mostly wavelengths of light, leaving the forest floor in a kind of twilight.
green, 550nm, or 550 nm
Plants forage by orienting or structures that capture light or nutrients.
growing
Herbaceous plant tissues generally have C:N ratios, meaning the amount of nitrogen available to consumers is relatively low.
high
To test the photosynthetic potential of plants, they are usually grown in conditions where humidity is ______ and carbon levels are ______.
high; normal
Living plant tissues have ______ nitrogen levels compared to plant tissues that fall from the plant and decay.
higher
In the graphs shown, the y-axis represents food intake per unit time from low at the bottom to high at the top, and the x-axis represents prey density from low at the left to high at the right. Graph ______ represents a type 3 functional response curve, while graph ______ represents the common type 2 functional response curve.
3; 2
Which of the following is not true concerning the effects of infrared light on living things?
It decreases the motion of whole molecules that comprise living things.
In the Bolser and Hay experiment testing the chemical defenses of tropical versus temperate seaweeds, why did the scientist freeze-dry the seaweed, mix it with agar, and produce strips of seaweed material?
It made quantifying the amount of seaweed eaten by the urchins easy. It negated any affects that could be due to physical differences in the seaweed.
Which of the following are true of visible light?
It makes up about 42% of the total energy of solar radiation at sea level. It has sufficient energy to power photosynthesis.
The bee in this image exhibits a distinctive warning coloration pattern of black alternating with yellow. This pattern can also be seen in other toxic insects such as wasps and other bee species. This type of co-mimicry is called
Mullerian
When several species of noxious organisms show similar patterns of warning coloration, it is called mimicry
Mullerian
Which of the following is not true when comparing tropical plant toxins to temperate plant toxins?
Temperate plant species contain more alkaloid toxins than tropical plant species.
In the Bolser and Hay experiment testing the chemical defenses of tropical versus temperate seaweeds, how did the scientists control for the impact of the seaweeds coming from two distinct locations?
The seaweeds collected from both sites were the same species or genus.
PEP carboxylase ______.
catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
Size selective predation occurs when predators select their prey based on size. This occurs because size can affect how easy it is to
catch
What kind of organisms use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide as the source of their energy?
chemosynthetic autotrophs
Predators, such as the bird in the image, may act as agents of natural selection by increasing the efficacy of prey
defense
Organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter, such as decaying plants, are called ______.
detritivores
ATP and NADPH synthesized during photosynthesis serve as donors of electrons and to ultimately produce
energy sugars
Digestion-reduction chemicals produced by plants inhibit that break down plant proteins. This reduces the amount of available to the consumers from the plant tissues.
enzymes nitrogen
Algae in tropical environments have ______ levels of alkaloid toxins than their counterparts in temperate environments. Also, algae in tropical environments tend to have ______ levels of attacks by herbivores.
higher; higher
Optimal foraging theory predicts that natural selection will favor ______ in situations where their access to energy is limited.
individuals who are effective at acquiring energy
Nicotine ______.
is a toxic plant alkaloid
CAM photosynthesis ______.
is found among epiphytes in the canopies of forests is found in plants in arid and semiarid environments
Ecological stoichiometry suggests that the C:N ratio in herbivores, compared to the plants they ingest, causes the consumer to eat more plants to ingest the necessary nitrogen.
lower
Chemosynthetic bacteria in the ocean ______.
may be free-living and use sulfur as their energy source use carbon dioxide as their carbon source for sugar production may be found associated in symbiotic relationships with other animals such as worms
The oceanic environment that supports chemosynthetic autotrophs ______.
may contain sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or thiosulfate which act as energy sources for the organisms
The structure labeled A is a ___________ cell.
mesophyll
Net photosynthesis is calculated as the total carbon dioxide uptake during photosynthesis the carbon dioxide produced by plant respiration.
minus
When Bloom and colleagues used economic theory and applied it to plants, they predicted that plants in nutrient-rich environments would invest ______ in the growth of stems and leaves and ______ in the growth of roots.
more; less
Bacteria near leached gold ore have been found to convert cyanide to ammonia (NH3). The ammonia can then be converted by other bacteria to ______ which can also contaminate the soil.
nitrate
The foraging theory that assumes organisms cannot maximize all of life's functions when energy is limited is called
optimal
Isat shown in this curve is the ______.
photon flux density when the photosynthetic system is saturated
When light interacts with matter, the light particles are called
photons
Plant leaves that contain high levels of cellulose to toughen the leaves or plants that have thorny projections are using defenses against herbivores.
physical
In CAM photosynthesis, the C4C4 acid produced in the mesophyll cells at night is broken down into carbon dioxide and during the day. The carbon dioxide will be used to produce
pyruvate sugars
According to Bloom and colleagues, plants that grow in light-rich environments should invest more in than in portions of the plant involved in photosynthesis or vertical growth.
roots
Photon flux density is defined as the number of photons striking a square meter surface each
second
Which of the following is not one of the five main elements that make up living organisms?
sodium
The cucumber beetle is a(n) ______ that is able to feed on living cucumbers despite the toxins and repellents the plant produces.
specialist
To study the relationships between ratios of elements in a food resource to the ratios of those same elements in the organism consuming that resource, ecological
stoichiometry
The arrow in the image is pointing to a structure called a ________. In C3 plants, these would be _______ in dry, hot climates.
stomata; closed
Cellulose ______.
strengthens plant tissues and increases the C:N ratio in those tissues
Net photosynthesis is the result of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by plant respiration from the amount of carbon dioxide taken in during
subtracting photosynthesis
Terrestrial plants gather energy from ______ and nutrients from ______.
sunlight; water and soil
The rate at which organisms take in energy is limited by the of prey and the rate at which the ingested material is processed.
supply
The rate at which organisms take in energy is limited by several factors. These factors include ______.
supply of prey available the rate ingested food can be processed
The graphs shown ______ the ideas of optimal foraging theory.
support
Pmax shown in this curve is ______.
the maximum rate of photosynthesis
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, make up to 93-97% of the biomass of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Ultraviolet light is highly energetic and can break bonds in the organic molecules that compose living things.
covalent
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is quantified as flux density.
photon
What type of solar radiation is called photosynthetically active?
visible light
In the CAM pathway for photosynthesis, carbon fixation occurs mainly during the
night
The graph in this image demonstrates that moose feeding on plants shows a type ____ functional response.
2
Match the description of trophic (feeding) type with the appropriate definition.
Autotrophs Use inorganic sources of carbon and energy; name means self-feeders. Photosynthesizers Use carbon dioxide and sunlight to synthesize organic compounds. Chemosynthetic autotrophs Use carbon dioxide and inorganic chemicals to synthesize organic molecules. Heterotrophs Use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy; name means other-feeders.
The insect in the image is not toxic but displays the black and yellow color pattern similar to stinging insects such as a honeybee. This is an example of
Batesian
When a harmless species displays the same warning coloration pattern as a noxious species, this is called
Batesian
photosynthesis, there is a relatively low rate of carbon dioxide uptake. One reason for this is that the enzyme RuBP carboxylase has a low affinity for carbon dioxide.
C3
Match the type of photosynthesis to its characteristics.
C3 Used by most plants and algae; fixation of carbon dioxide results in the production of PGA. C4 dioxide combined with PEP in mesophyll cells; sugars produced in bundle sheath cells. CAM Stomata typically opened just during the night; combine PEP with carbon dioxide.
The two mechanisms that help to reduce high levels of photorespiration in plants are photosynthesis and photosynthesis
C4 CAM
The process shown in this image is ______.
C4 photosynthesis
Which of the following is not true concerning C4 photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide is concentrated in the bundle sheath cells. PEP carboxylase fixes carbon dioxide into a 4-carbon acid in the bundle sheath cells. C4 plants do better than C3 plants in hot, dry, light intense environments. Sugars and starches are produced in the bundle sheath cells.
PEP carboxylase fixes carbon dioxide into a 4-carbon acid in the bundle sheath cells.
When using optimal foraging theory, one of the most important prey attributes that affects predator energy intake is the
abundance
Which of the following is more likely to be a warning coloration pattern?
alternating black, yellow, and red stripes on a coral snake
Which of the following is an example of a prey characteristic that may affect predator energy intake?
amount of time the predator spends fighting to subdue the prey amount of time the predator spends removing spines from a prey animal before ingesting the meat prey abundance
Which of the following domains include prokaryotic organisms?
archaea bacteria
Within the range of PAR, plants absorb mainly ______ wavelengths of light.
blue and red
In plants doing C4C4 photosynthesis, the four-carbon acids initially produced diffuse into cells where they can be converted to three-carbon acids and carbon dioxide.
bundle sheath
A basic type of defense where prey organisms are difficult to find against the background habitat is called
camouflage
While leached gold ore is a rich source of nitrogen for bacteria, the ore contains little of what other element is necessary for survival?
carbon
Photosynthetic organisms use atmospheric as a source of carbon.
carbon dioxide
To minimize the effects of photorespiration, plants concentrate the gas called by using C4C4 or CAM photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide
One limitation of CAM photosynthesis is ______.
carbon dioxide typically enters cells only during the night, reducing carbon availability
Carbon fixation in a plant that does C3C3 photosynthesis refers to ______.
the process where carbon dioxide is incorporated into a 3 carbon organic acid
Chemosynthetic autotrophs are often found near activity in the deep ocean.
volcanic/hydrothermal
When plants are grown to study their photosynthetic potential, they are grown under ideal temperatures for the particular species, as well as being given abundant nutrients and
water