Chapter 7 - Quiz

The process of switching codes is limited to sentence and grammar usage. A) True B) False

b

Nine-year-old Devon writes, "My brother eats like a hungry pig." This statement demonstrates his understanding of _____. A) code switching B) a second language C) metaphors D) logic

c

In the United States, there are four types of educational environments for children: public schools, charter schools, private schools, and home schooling. Define each of these alternatives, and identify which type of school the majority of children in the United States attend.

A public school is one that is free to all children because it is funded by taxpayers; it must educate all students. A charter school is a public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located; it has control over admissions and expulsions. A private school is one funded by tuition, endowments, and/or church sponsors. Home schooling is education in which children are taught at home, usually by a parent. The majority of the children in the United States attend public schools.

Explain three causes of increased childhood obesity in the United States today.

Children engage in (1) less active play and (2) too much screen time (watching TV or playing video games) than ever before. In addition, (3) many parents cave to pester power (bugging parents until they allow the child to have junk food that children see advertised on TV). (Note: The answer must NOT include genetics, as genes change little from one generation to the next and thus cannot explain the large increase in obesity cases.)

Seven-year-old Dwayne has been diagnosed as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Describe some of his behaviors, and tell two things that his parents and teachers can do to help him cope.

Dwayne is more easily distracted and more often in motion than the average child. When sitting down to do schoolwork, he might look around, ask questions, think about playing, get a drink, fidget, squirm, tap the table, jiggle his legs, and go to the bathroom—and then start the whole sequence again. This means that Dwayne will tend to have academic difficulties; he is less likely to graduate from high school and college, and as an adult he is likely to suffer if his employment demands sitting at a desk. Treatment that can help Dwayne cope with ADHD involve (1) training for the family and the child, (2) showing teachers how to help him learn, and (3) medication.

*The federal legislation that mandated standardized tests to measure school achievement is called the _____ Act.

No Child Left Behind

The main international test of reading given to students is the _____.

PIRLS

Evan's mother is trying to decide whether to sign up her 7-year-old son for soccer. Offer two reasons why she should encourage this activity.

Reasons for signing up include better overall health through exercise and better academic achievement. Exercise improves physical, emotional, and mental health. Exercise also improves academic achievement through better cerebral blood flow and more neurotransmitters and has indirect benefits of better mood and energy.

Describe the neurological advances of selective attention and automatization. Provide an example of each.

Selective attention is the ability to attend to some stimuli while ignoring others. An example of this would be a child who can do his homework effectively while hearing his siblings playing in the next room. Automatization is a process by which thoughts and actions are repeated in sequence until they become routine or automatic and need little conscious thought. An example of this would be reading. Instead of painstakingly decoding, the process of reading becomes so automatic that the child can concentrate on concepts without thinking about the letters. Learning to alphabetize, knowing the multiplication tables, and writing one's name all eventually become automatic.

A federally sponsored test in the United States is called the National Assessment of Educational Progress. A) True B) False

a

An intelligence test is an example of an aptitude test. A) True B) False

a

Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's _____. A) potential for learning a skill or body of knowledge B) achievement in a particular subject C) capacity for divergent thinking D) verbal abilities only

a

Beth is taking the TIMSS, which is the international test of _____. A) science and math B) IQ C) creative problem solving D) reading

a

Children are overweight if their body mass index (BMI) is above the 85th percentile on the growth chart. A) True B) False

a

Lindsay brought her 10-year-old son to see the doctor because he was having problems breathing. The doctor informed Lindsay that her son had inflammation of the airways. Lindsay's son was diagnosed with _____. A) asthma B) obesity C) sleep apnea D) diabetes

a

Massive interconnections in the brain allow children to master the ability to read. A) True B) False

a

New concepts are best learned when they are connected to _____. A) what is already known about a subject B) current events C) a teacher-directed curriculum D) a child-centered curriculum

a

Reaction time is the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus. A) True B) False

a

School-age children are able to use logic about concrete things. A) True B) False

a

The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are related to their health in adolescence and adulthood. A) True B) False

a

The process by which children change from informal speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults is known as code switching. A) True B) False

a

Vygotsky might argue that all of the following could be an instructor to a 6-year-old child EXCEPT _____. A) a 3-year-old sibling B) an art teacher C) a grandparent D) a 10-year-old friend

a

*A 3-year-old has a hard time catching a ball, whereas a 9-year-old has an easier time of it. One contributing factor for why the 9-year-old is better at ball catching than the 3-year-old is _____. A) increased reaction time B) decreased reaction time C) increased stimulus response D) decreased stimulus response

b

How readily past learning can be brought into working memory from long-term memory is referred to as _____. A) storage B) retrieval C) input D) short-term memory

b

Mastery of pragmatics allows children to change styles of speech, or "codes," depending on the audience. What code are children likely to use with their teachers? A) informal code B) formal code C) moderate code D) extreme code

b

The Flynn effect has revealed that the average IQ of entire nations has decreased substantially over the past century. A) True B) False

b

The approach to teaching a second language in which children spend the entire day instructed in that second language is referred to as the _____ approach. A) ELL B) immersion C) heritage language D) additive bilingual

b

The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely is _____. A) working memory B) long-term memory C) sensory memory D) iconic memory

b

To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____. A) merely be exposed to the information B) process the information C) unconsciously be aware of the information D) do nothing, as the information will be passively absorbed into working memory

b

*Solomon was diagnosed with ADHD at an early age. Throughout school he had extreme academic difficulties, though he excelled at art. When he graduated from high school, he started a career as an artist; he quickly began selling his work and achieved critical acclaim. As an adult he was experiencing life success even though he still had symptoms of ADHD. Which of the four general principles of developmental psychopathology does this example best illustrate? A) Abnormality is normal. B) Disability changes year by year. C) Life may be better or worse in adulthood. D) Diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context.

c

A child in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development would be able to reason about all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) what to wear to school B) what to make for lunch C) what to tell his parents if he broke a lamp D) what to buy for a parent's birthday

c

All of the following have been identified as problems with diagnosing ADHD EXCEPT that it _____. A) has no biological marker B) can be comorbid with other biological problems C) has symptoms that are apparent only in severe cases D) can be comorbid with other psychological disorders

c

Allen is 3 years old. He ignores people when they are in the room, and if people speak to him, he does not make eye contact. He also will not initiate communication, but rather just repeats what someone has said. Finally, Allen plays with a spinning top for hours. He just spins it, watches it, and when it stops spins it again. Allen may be showing signs of _____. A) a learning disability B) ADHD C) autism spectrum disorder D) bipolar disorder

c

Damian is excitable, impulsive, and very active. He also has great difficulty concentrating. He MOST likely has _____. A) an intellectual disability B) a sensory deficit C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder D) childhood schizophrenia

c

Scottie was doing a class report on asthma and learned that several factors may contribute to its development, including all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) alleles B) airtight windows C) sunlight D) carpets

c

Seven-year-old Henry has been diagnosed with both ADHD and bipolar disorder. Which term applies to Henry having both conditions? A) conflicting diagnoses B) complex diagnosis C) comorbidity D) coexistence

c

The Common Core is a(n) _____ that was developed by experts and intended for nationwide use in response to doubts about state-level assessments. A) graduation exam B) law that requires frequent testing to monitor student achievement C) set of specific standards by subject and grade level D) amount of money awarded by the government for an individual child's education

c

*The analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system is regulated by _____ processes in the brain.

control

At Charlie's recent check-up, her doctor told her that she is obese. Charlie's BMI is most likely in the _____ percentile. A) 17th B) 37th C) 71st D) 97th

d

Carlos attends a school in which the teachers often work longer hours than other schools. They tend to be more ethnically and economically segregated, with small classes. He knows that the school sets its own standards and receives private money and sponsors. Carlos is attending a _____ school. A) voucher B) private C) religious D) charter

d

Children who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder can vary in the type and range of symptoms they display, but all children with autism spectrum disorder have _____. A) difficulty speaking B) a lack of eye contact C) difficulty understanding others' speech D) difficulty relating to others

d

Joseph's aggressive behavior could be due to genetic inheritance, exposure to violent media, or living in a violent neighborhood. This reflects the developmental principle of _____. A) psychopathology B) comorbidity C) multifinality D) equifinality

d

Physical activity can benefit children in all of the following ways EXCEPT by improving _____. A) overall physical health B) academic achievement C) mood and energy D) oral health practices

d

*The four general principles of developmental psychopathology are: abnormality is normal; disability changes year by year; life may be better or worse in adulthood; and _____.

diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context

Dyscalculia is the term for a specific learning disorder in the area of _____.

math

*The ability to evaluate a task to determine what to do in what order and to monitor progress while working on the task is called _____.

metacognition

The most common type of specific learning disorder is dyslexia, which involves unusual difficulty with _____.

reading

*A child's failure to master a particular skill that most people acquire easily may be an indication that the child has a(n) _____.

specific learning disorder

*Public subsidy for tuition payment at a private school is referred to as a _____.

voucher

When Sharona recalls plans she has made for this weekend, she retrieves them from her long-term memory and brings them into her _____ memory.

working-memory