Chapter 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs
in the first year of life.
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of
independence
Some children develop strong effortful control but others do not. This is best described by
individual differences in temperament.
According to Mahler, ______ involves the development of self.
individuation
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
the concept of goodness of fit.
According to Erikson, the foundation for attachment in infancy is
trust
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
A securely attached baby
uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.
Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.
In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a
mirror
According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.
moderate
Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.
negative
Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infants is referred to as
parent-infant synchrony.
Which of the following are true of the developmental cascade model?
It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development.
Which of the following statements about attachment security in infancy is true?
It does not always by itself produce long-term positive outcomes later in life.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the development of temperament?
Many aspects of an environment can encourage or discourage the characteristics of one's temperament.
Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion?
Maturation of the cerebral cortex Development of the hippocampus Development of the brain stem
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as emotions.
positive
One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as
reactivity
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ______ socialization.
reciprocal
Children and parents socialize one another. This is called
reciprocal socialization.
Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.
referencing
What strategies for parents are recommended by child-care expert Kathleen McCartney?
Recognize that quality of parenting is a key factor in a child's development. Take time to find the best child care. Make decisions to improve parenting. Monitor your child's development.
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
Reflexive
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.
Rothbart and Bates
Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
Which of the following best refers to a situation where a parent adjusts his or her level of guidance to fit a child's performance?
Scaffolding
Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description. Instructions
Secure matches Choice Sensitive, consistent Avoidant matches Choice Unavailable, rejecting, irritable Resistant matches Choice Inconsistent, unaffectionate Disorganized matches Choice Neglectful, abusive
What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?
Securely attached
Self-awareness reflects a sense of "me" develops
Self-awareness reflects a sense of "me" develops
One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?
Self-regulation Reactivity
When stressed, which of the following allows an infant to have a better biological recovery from the stressors?
Sensitive caregiving
According to Mahler, what two processes does a child go through when developing independence?
Separation Individuation
Ainsworth created the Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
Temperament
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
Trust and the development of self and independence are central to personality development in infancy.
True
Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar?
Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar?
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
Two-year-old Kaden says, "me big" and "eat it myself." These demonstrate
a sense of self.
The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant
attachment
The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and
role
The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called
attachment
An important form of reciprocal socialization is , in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking. A good example of this is peek-a-boo.
scaffolding
Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.
avoidant
A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions.
The developmental model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
As children become older, they develop ______ for controlling their emotions and become more adept at modulating their emotional arousal.
cognitive strategies
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative.
After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of
self-recognition.
An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called
separation protest.
About ______ children under the age of 6 are in child care in the United States.
15 million
In part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by ______ of age.
2-3 months
In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of
7 to 8 months.
According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for . (Remember to type only one word per blank.)
Blank 1: autonomy or independence
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as
Blank 1: personality or traits
A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.
Blank 1: reflexive Blank 2: social
Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal of attachment.
Blank 1: working Blank 2: model
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
Chess and Thomas
Match the author or pair of authors with the appropriate temperament model. Instructions
Chess and Thomas matches Choice Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up Kagan matches Choice Degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar Rothbart and Bates matches Choice Extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
In mother-infant interactions, the term ______ refers to the situation where each person's behavior depends on the partner's previous behavior.
synchrony
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
temperament
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
Cognitive processes
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
Empathy Pride
Which of the following is most likely to account for discontinuities between a child's temperament and an adult's personality?
Environment
Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual's emotions?
Environmental quality
Although adequate caregivers, fathers are unable to take care of infants as competently as mothers.
False
Who is more likely to bounce infants, toss them in the air, or tickle them?
Fathers
Which of the following are true of the differences between fathers and mothers in their interactions with infants?
Fathers engage in more rough-and-tumble play than mothers. Mother's interactions tend to center on child-care activities. Fathers' interactions are more likely to include play.
Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys?
Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.
Which of the following is not a good strategy for parents with regard to child care?
For optimal development, one parent must quit their job to stay home and provide child care.
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?
Freud Bowlby Erikson
Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory. Instructions
Freud matches Choice Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction. Erikson matches Choice A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment. Bowlby matches Choice Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?
Guilt
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and is not distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
He is an insecure resistant baby.
According to research, which of the following physiological characteristics have been linked with an inhibited temperament?
High and stable heart rate High activity in the frontal lobe High level of cortisol
Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?
Higher levels of parental sensitivity Higher levels of parental responsiveness Higher parental involvement
Which of the following are predictors of father involvement in infant caregiving?
Income Residential status Education
What happens in the still-face paradigm?
Infants show more withdrawal and negative emotions when caregivers are still and unresponsive.
Which of the following statements is true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the
difficulty of interpreting infant emotion.
The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.
direct; indirect
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.
disorganized
When it comes to self-conscious emotions, most developmental psychologists believe they
do not occur until the second half of the first year.
Attachment security in infancy ______ predict(s) positive outcomes in later life.
does not always
Diversity in emotional experiences is the result of
embeddedness in relationships.
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called
emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following?
environmental support for the skill nervous system development infant motivation to reach a goal
Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.
feeding; contact comfort
Parents manage or guide infant behavior in an attempt to
help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.
When individuals have an easy temperament during childhood, their behaviors during young adulthood are more likely to be
well-adjusted.
Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?
Primary
According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?
A new gendered division of labor
Which of the following are characteristics of high-quality child care?
Age-appropriate toys Safe environment Low caregiver-to-child ratio Age-appropriate activities
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth
Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?
Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas
What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?
Anger cry
______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.
Attachment
Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment?
Attachment is crucial in the first year. Caregiver responsiveness is involved.
Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment?
Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
Behavioral organization Communication with others
Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?
Culture
By the time infants are 12 months old, which of the following is the most common corrective method used by parents?
Diverting infants' attention
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?
Dopamine Oxytocin
Positive caregiving beginning with infancy is an important factor in later development. Which of the following are experiences that lead to positive developmental adjustments?
Early secure caregiver attachment Positive maternal care Constructive experiences with life stresses
Which of the following are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?
East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. Non-Latino white mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed.
A well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child?
Easy
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
Easy Difficult Slow-to-warm-up
A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?
Effective parenting Marital satisfaction between parents
Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model?
Effortful control
is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.
Emotion
Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?
Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.
Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?
Parental responses Culture
Which of the following plays an essential role in an infant's development of trust according to Erikson?
Physical comfort
Which of the following are most likely involved in continuities between a child's temperament and an adult's personality?
Physiological factors Heredity
Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following?
Positive interaction with peers and teachers Positive emotional health High self-esteem and self-confidence
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?
The behavior of the 1- and 2-year-olds exhibited clear cooperation.
In the United States, the greater amount of time a child spends in child care, the more likely the child is to experience socioemotional problems.
True
Individual differences are at the heart of temperament.
True
Secure attachment in infancy has been linked to social competence with peers and lower rates of peer conflict in early childhood.
True
Today there are more young children in child care in the United States than at any other time in history.
True