Chapter 7 - The Axial Skeleton
The bodies center of gravity lies about ___ cm posterior to this landmark.
1
Unique characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae are
1. body is larger than cervical, heart shaped, and bears two costal facets. 2. spinous process is long, sharp and projects inferiorly (down) 3. vertebral foramen is circular
Characteristics of the lumbar spine are
1. massive, kidney shaped 2. spinous process is short, blunt, and projects directly posterior (down) 3. vertebral foramen is triangular
The "typical" cervical vertebrae characteristics
1. oval body- wider from side to side 2. short, split spinous process that projects directly back 3. large triangular foramen 4. transverse process contains transverse foramen
The facial skeleton is make up of _____bones, of which only the mandible and the vomer are unpaired
14
The skelton (or skeleton system) accounts for ___% of body mass.
20
The skull consists of _____ bones in all.
22
Collectively the discs account for about _____% of the height of the vertebral column.
25
The vertebral column consists of _____ irregular bones conned in such a way that a flexible, curved structure results
26
In the fetus, and infant, the vertebral column consists of _____ separate bones , or vertebra.
33
coccyx (tailbone)
4 fused vertebrae; varies from 3-5; articulates with sacrum; provides support for pelvic organs
The vertebral column is about ____ cm (28 inches) long in an average adult and has five major divisions.
70
The cranium has _____ cranial bones
8
The skull consists of _____ cranial bones and _____ facial bones.
8, 14
Axial skeleton is structured from _____ bones segregated into three major regions.
80
The two internal carotid arteries supply blood to over _____% of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain; their closeness to the internal ear cavity explains why, during excitement or exertion, we may hear our rapid pulse as a thundering sound.
80
The skull has about _____ named openings.
85
The zygomatic bone articulates with
Maxillary, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones
__________ bones are tiny, irregularly shaped bones or bone clusters that occur within sutures, mos often in the lambdoid suture. Not everyone has these bones and their significance is unknown.
Sutural
The ______ (C1) has not body and no spinous process.
atlas
These joints allow you to nod "yes"
atlas
The first two cervical vertebrae, the _____ and and ______, have no intervertebral disc between them, and they are highly modified, reflecting their special function.
atlas, axis
The _____, which has a body, spine, and other typical vertebral processes, is not as specialized the atlas.
axis
The ______ acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas, which allows you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate "no"
axis
prefix "nucha" means
back of neck
You can feel the external occipital protuberance as a knoblike projection just _____ the most bulging part of your posterior skull.
below
The anulus fibrosus also acts like a woven strap to _____ successive vertebrae together , withstands __________ forces and resists __________ in the spine.
bind, twisting, tension
Scoliosis is treated with _______ braces or surgically, before growth ends
body
The mandibular _____ anchors the lower teeth.
body
Each vertebra consists of a ________ anteriorly and a ________ posteriorly.
body, vertebral arch
The skeleton (or skeleton system) is composed of
bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments
The cranial cavity is occupied by the _________?
brain
The sternum is also called the
breastbone
The cranial vault is also known as __________ (kal-va're-ah).
calvaria
The __________ canal, just anterior to the jugular foramen, transmits the internal carotid artery into the cranial cavity.
carotid
The superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles of the skull; thus, they "_______" the skull, just as Atlas supported the heavens in Greek mythology.
carry
The facial bones function to: form the framework of the face; contain __________ for the special sense organs of sight, taste, and smell; provide __________ for air and food passage; secure the teeth; and anchor the facial muscles of expression.
cavities, openings
The disc shaped __________(body) is the weight-bearing region.
centrum
The vertebral body is also known as
centrum
Posterior cranial fossa contains
cerebellum of the brain
The seven vertebrae of the neck are the __________ vertebrae, the next 12 are the __________ vertebrae, and the five supporting the lower back are the _________ vetebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Prefix "zygoma-" means
cheekbone
prefix "zygoma" means
cheekbone
The pterygoid process anchor the pterygoid muscles, which are important in ________.
chewing
The manubrium is the superior portion that articulate with _____________ notches and ribs 1 and 2
clavicular
The terminus of the vertebral column is the tiny ________.
coccyx (kok'siks)
All vertebra have a _____ structural pattern.
common
The cervical and lumbar curvatures are _____ posteriorly.
concave
The paired inferior nasal _______ are thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity.
conchae
The foramen magnum is flanked laterally by two occipital __________.
condyles
sacral canal
continuation of vertebral canal
The thoracic and sacral curvatures are ______ posteriorly.
convex
The ______ suture is where the parietal bones meet the frontal bone anteriorly.
coronal
The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the __________suture
coronal
The four major skull sutures that connect cranial bones are?
coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
The __________ process is an insertion point for the large temporalis muscles that elevates the lower jaw during chewing.
coronoid (kor'o-noid)
The frontal bone extends posteriorly, forming the superior wall of the orbits and most of the anterior _____ fossa.
cranial
The temporal bones form the inferolateral (inferior and lateral) aspects of the skull ad parts of the __________ base.
cranial
The cranial bone, or __________, (kar'-ne-um) enclose and protect the fragile brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles.
cranium
The cranial vault (calvaria) holds the __________ bones.
cranium
Projecting superiorly between the cribriform plates is a triangular process called the _____ galli. (kris'tah gah'le)
crista
Coccyx is from the Greek word meaning ______, as was so named because of its fancied resemblance to a birds beak.
cuckoo
The thoracic vertebrae bear two small facets, commonly called ______________(half-facets), on each side, one at the superior edge (superior costal facet) and the other at the inferior edge (inferior costal facet)
demifacets
For the axis, the only unusual feature is the knob like ______, or odontoid process, projecting superiorly from its body.
dens
Kyphosis is a __________ exaggerated __________ curvature.
dorsally, thoracic .
The skull has many smaller cavities such as middle and internal ______ cavity, the ________ cavity, and the ______.
ear cavity, nasal, orbits
Tympanic means
eardrum
Kyphosis is common in the _________ people because of __________, but may also reflect tuberculosis of the spine, rickets, or osteomalacia.
elderly, osteoporosis
What bone lies between the sphenoid and the nasal bones of the face, and is the most deeply situated bone of the skull?
ethmoid
Herniated disks are treated with moderate _________, massage, _____ therapy and pain killers.
exercise, heat
The external acoustic meatus and the eardrum at its deepest end are part of the _______ ear.
external
A number of inconspicuous ridges, the __________ occipital crest and the __________ nuchal line and the __________ nuchal line, all mark the occipital bone near the foramen magnum.
external, superior, inferior
The foramen rotundum and foramen ovale (o-va'le) provide passageways for the branches of cranial nerve V to reach the _____.
face
The smooth joint surfaces of the articular processes, called __________, ("little faces") are covered with hyaline cartilage.
facets
The cranial base holds the __________ bones.
facial
The inferior orbital __________ is located deep within the orbit at the junction of the maxilla with the greater wing of the sphenoid. It permits the zygomatic nerve, the maxillary nerve and blood vessels to pass to the face.
fissure
The triangular sacrum, which shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis, is formed by _____ fused vertebrae in adults.
five
Most skull bones are ______ bones.
flat
The ligamentum _________, stretches as we bend forward and then recoils when we resume an erect position.
flavum
What three movements can occur between vertebra?
flexion and extension ; lateral flexion ; rotation
The __________ of the nasal cavity is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones.
floor
Just below the eye socket on each side is an infraorbital __________ that allows the infraorbital nerve and artery to reach the face.
foramen
In the base of the occipital bone is the __________ __________ (large hole) through which the inferior part of the brain connects with the spinal cord.
foramen magnum
The anterior sacral ________ penetrate the sacrum at the lateral ends of these ridges and transmit blood vessels and anterior ramina of the sacral spinal nerves.
foramina
The cribriform plates are punctured by tiny holes called cribriform ___________ that allow the filaments of the olfactory nerves to pass from the smell receptors in the nasal cavity to the brain.
foramina
The most anterior part of the frontal bone is the vertical squamous part, commonly called the __________.
forehead
frontal bone of skull
forehead
The axial skeleton: __________ the longitudinal axis of the body; __________ the head, neck, and trunk; __________ the brain, spinal cord, and the organs in the thorax.
forms, supports, protects
The seat of the Turk's saddle (sella turcica) is called the hypophyseal _____, which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland (hypophysis)
fossa
The small, oval mandibular _________ on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process receives the condylar process of the mandible (lower jaw bone).
fossa
The greater wings of the sphenoid bone project laterally from the sphenoid body forming parts of (1) middle cranial _____ (2) the posterior walls of the _____ and (3) the external wall of the _____, where they are seen as flag shaped, bony areas medial to they zygomatic arch.
fossa, orbits, skull
On each side of the sphenoid body is a crescent shaped row of _____ openings.
four
The __________ processes extend superiorly to the frontal bone, forming part of the lateral aspects of the bridge of the nose.
frontal
The area lateral to the glabella contain sinuses, called the __________ sinuses.
frontal
The lacrimal bones articulate with
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha
The four paranasal sinuses are F__________ sinus, E____________ sinus, S__________ sinus and M__________ sinus.
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Nasal bones articulate with
frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones
The coronal suture separates the _______ bone and the __________ bone.
frontal, parietal
What five skull bones contain mucosa-lined air-filled sinuses that give them a rather moth-eaten appearance in an X-ray image?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, paired maxillary bones
The walls of each orbit are formed by parts of seven bones-- the f__________, s____________, z__________, m_________, p__________, l__________, and e__________ bones.
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid
Just inferior to this the frontal bone meets the nasal bones at the ____________ suture.
frontonasal
The smooth portion of the frontal bones between the orbits is the ___________(glah-bel'-ah).
glabella
The three pairs of process in the sphenoid bone are the _____ wings, _____ wings, and the pterygoid (ter'i-goid) process.
greater, lesser
The petrous part of the temporal bones houses the middle and internal ear cavities, which contain sensory receptors for ________ and _________.
hearing, balance
A ________ disc usually involves rupture of the anulus fibrosus followed by protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposus through the anulus.
herniated
The palatine __________ plates complete the posterior portion of the hard palate.
horizontal
Kyphosis is also known as
hunchback
The posterior ligament, which resists __________ of the spine (bending too sharply forward), is narrow and relatively weak and attaches only to the discs
hyper-flexion
Along with its supporting role, the longitudinal ligaments prevents _____________ of the spine (bending too far backward)
hyperextension
Hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle is a __________ canal, through which a cranial nerve seven passes.
hypoglossal
Just posterior to the teeth is a midline foramen, called the __________ fossa, which serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves.
incisive
The thoracic vertebrae ________ in size from the first to the last
increase
These curvatures _________ the resilience and flexibility of the spine, allowing it to function like a spring rather than a rigid rod.
increase
sacral hiatus of sacrum
inferior opening of the sacral canal
The nasal bones attach __________ to the cartilages that form mot of the skeleton of the external nose
inferiorly
Each ______________ disc is a cushion like pad composed of two parts
intervertebral
The pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior borders, providing lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae called ___________ ______________.
intervertebral foramina
The spinal nerves issuing from the spinal cord pass through the _____________ __________.
intervertebral foramina
The basilar part of the occipital bone (located nearest the base of the skull) also _____ with the sphenoid bone in the cranial base.
joins
The large __________ foramen at the junction of the occipital and petrous temporal bones allows passage of the internal jugular vein and three cranial nerves.
jugular
The maxillae are considered the __________ bones of the facial skeleton.
keystone
The sphenoid is the _______-stone bone of the cranium. (It is a __________ because it forms a central wedge that ties the cranial bones together. It also articulate with all other the other cranial bones)
keystone
The lumbar bodies are massive and ______ shaped
kidney
The delicate fingernail-shaped __________ bones contribute to the medial walls of each orbit.
lacrimal
The lacrimal fossa house the ________ sac, part of the passageway that allows tears to drain from the eye surface into the nasal cavity.
lacrimal
The muscles that move the eyes and the tear-producing _________ glands are housed in the orbits.
lacrimal
each lacrimal bone contains a deep groove that helps form a _________ fossa.
lacrimal
The __________ (lam'doid) suture is where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteiorly.
lambdoid
The occipital bone articulates anteriorly with the paired parietal and temporal bones via the __________ suture and __________ sutures,
lambdoid, occipitomastoid
The ___________ are flattened plates that fuse in the median plane
laminae (lam'i-ne)
The vertebrae become progressively __________ from the cervical to the lumbar region, as they must support greater and greater weight.
larger
Scoliosis is found most common in _______ childhood, and more common in ______ than boys.
late, girls
The __________ walls of the nasal cavity are largely shaped by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone, the perpendicular plates of the palatine bones, and the inferior nasal conchae.
lateral
The inferior nasal conchae are the largest of the three pairs of conchae and, like the others, they form part of the __________ walls of the nasal cavity.
lateral
Scoliosis is a ______ curvature of the ______.
lateral, thoracic spine
The sagittal suture separates the __________ parietal bone and the __________ parietal bone.
left, right
The horn like _____ wings form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and part of the medial walls of the orbits.
lesser
The __________ flavum, which contains elastic connective tissue, is especially strong.
ligamentum
The external occipital crest secures the __________ __________ (lig'ah-men-tum noo'-ke), a sheetlike elastic ligament that connects the vertebrae of the neck to the skull.
ligamentum nucae
The anterior cranial fossa supports the frontal _____ of the brain.
lobes
Lordosis is an accentuated _________ curvature
lumbar
The intervertebral discs are thickest in the _______ and __________ regions, which enhances the flexibility of these regions
lumbar, cervical
All facial bones except the __________ articulate with the maxillae.
mandible
Of the skull bones, the ________ is the only joint connected to the rest of the skull by freely movable joints
mandible
The U-shaped __________ , or lower jawbone is the largest, strongest bone of the face.
mandible
Each mandible ramus meets the body posteriorly at a __________ angle.
mandibular
In the midline of the mandibular body is a slight depression, the ______________ symphysis (sim'fih-sis), indicating where the two mandibular bones fused during infancy.
mandibular
On the medical surface of each ramus, is a large __________ foramina, which permits the nerves responsible for tooth sensation to pass to the teeth in the lower jaw.
mandibular
The posterior _______ condyle articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint on the same side
mandibular
The sternum consists of three fused bones: the ____________, _________, and the ________ process.
manubrium, body, xiphoid
A conspicuous feature of the petrous part of the temporal bones is the __________ process. This process can be felt as a lump just posterior to the ear.
mastoid
The outermost covering of the brain( the dura _____) attaches to the crista galli and helps secure the brain in the cranial cavity.
matter
The paired facial bones are the __________, __________,__________, __________, __________, and inferior __________.
maxillae, zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, inferior conchae
The regions that flank the nasal cavity laterally contain the __________ sinuses, the largest of the paranasal sinuses.
maxillary
The __________ bones or __________ are fused medially, form the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton.
maxillary, maxillae (mak-sil'le)
The internal acoustic __________, positioned superolateral to the jugular foramen transmits cranial nerves seven and eight.
meatus
The depressions under cover of the conchae on the lateral walls are called __________, so there are superior, middle and inferior meatuses.
meatuses
The nasal conchae project _________ from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, just __________ to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone.
medially, inferior
The _________ foramina, openings on the lateral aspects of the mandibular body, allow blood vessels and nerves to pass to the skin of the chin (ment=chin) and lower lip.
mental
Together, the sphenoid bone and the petrous portions of the temporal bones construct the _______ cranial fossa, which supports the temporal lobes of the brain.
middle
The word "skeleton" in Greek means ___
mummy
The spinous and transverse processes are attachment sites for _________ that move the vertebral column and for _________ that stabilize it.
muscle, ligaments
Extending medially from the lateral masses the delicately coiled superior and middle _____ conchae protrude into the nasal cavity
nasal
Just inferior to the nose the maxillae meet medially forming the pointed anterior __________ spine at their junction.
nasal
The __________ cavity is constructed of bones and hyaline cartilage.
nasal
The nasal septum divides the _____ cavity into left and right halves.
nasal
The thin, basically rectangular __________ bones, are fused medially, forming the bridge of the nose.
nasal
The mastoid process acts as an anchoring site for some __________ muscles.
neck
The nuchal lines and bony regions between them anchor many _____ and _____ muscles
neck, back
The longitudinal ligament run as continuous bands down the front and back surfaces of the spine from _____ to _____.
neck, sacrum
The spinous process of C7 is _____ bifid and is much larges than those of the other cervical vertebrae
not
At the superior margin of each mandibular ramus are two processes separated by the manidibular _________.
notch
The inner gelatinous __________ pulposus (pul-po'sus) acts like a rubber ball, giving the disc its elasticity and compressibility.
nucleus
Just superior to the foramen magnum is a median protrusion called the external __________ protuberance.
occipital
The __________ bone forms most of the skull's posterior wall and base.
occipital
posterior sacral foramina
openings on the posterior side of the sacrum
The _____ canals lie anterior to the sella turcica; they allow the optic nerves (cranial nerves II) to pass to the eyes.
optic
The lateral surfaces of the ethmoid's lateral masses are called the __________ plates because they contribute to the medial walls of the orbits
orbital
The ________ house the eyeballs.
orbits
The __________ are bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue.
orbits
The __________, are short bony pillars projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body
pedicles (ped'i-kelz)
The vertebral arch is a composite structure formed by two _________ and two ________.
pedicles, laminae
The superiorly projecting _________(vertical) plates form part of the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits.
perpendicular
The thickest part of the temporal bones is known as the _____ part.
petrous
The perpendicular _______ of the ethmoid bone projects inferiorly in the median plane and forms the superior part of the nasal septum.
plate
The superior surface of the ethmoid is formed by the paired horizontal cribriform (krib'ri-form) _________
plates
Vomer means
plow
Internally, the occipital bone forms the walls of the __________ cranial fossa.
posterior
The zygomatic bones articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bones __________, the zygomatic process of the frontal bones __________, and with the zygomatic processes of the maxillae __________.
posteriorly, superiorly, anteriorly
congenital means
present at birth
Because its spinous process is visible through the skin, C7 can be used as a land mark for counting the vertebrae and is called the vertebra ____________ ("prominent vertebra" )
prominens
The sacral ___________ is the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebra, (top) and bulges anteriorly into the pelvic cavity.
promontory (prom'on-tor'e)
The thoracic cage functions to ________ vial organs of the thoracic cavity, ______ shoulder girdles and upper limbs, and provide ___________ sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
protect, support, attachment
The superior surface of the sphenoid body bears a saddle-shaped prominence, the ______ turcica, meaning "Turk's saddle"
sella
The nasal cavity is divided into right and left parts by the nasal _________.
septum
The intervertebral discs as as _________ absorbers during walking, jumping, and running, and they allow the spine to flex and extend, and to a lesser extent to bend laterally.
shock
_______ ligament connect each verbera to those immediately above and below.
short
The intervertebral discs flatten somewhat during the course of the day, so we are always a few centimeters ______ at night than when we awake in the morning
shorter
The pedicles form the _____of the arch
sides
Prefix "cribr" means
sieve
Three major region of the axial skeleton are
skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Herniated disc is also called
slipped disc
The seven cervical vertebrae, identified as C1-C7, are the __________, lighted vertebrae.
smallest
The bat shaped __________(sfe' noid) bone spans the width of the middle cranial fossa.
sphenoid
The superior orbital fissure is a long slit between the greater and lesser wings on the _______ body, it allows cranial nerves that control eye movements to enter to orbits.
sphenoid
Within the body of the sphenoid are the paired __________ sinuses.
sphenoidal
The curved, rocker like occipital condyles articulate with the first vertebra of the __________ column in a way that permits a nodding (yes) motion of the head.
spinal
Lordosis can result from __________ tuberculosis or ______________.
spinal, osteomalacia
Vertebral column is also known as
spine, spinal column
The __________ process is a median posterior projection arising at the junction of the two laminae.
spinous
bifid means
split at its tip
The _____ suture (one on each side) is where a parietal and temporal bone meed on the lateral aspect of the skull.
squamous
The flaring squamous part the of the temporal bone ends at the __________ suture.
squamous
Each temporal bone has a complicated shape and is described in terms of its three major parts, the _________, __________, and __________ parts.
squamous, tympanic, petrous
The lumbar region of the vertebral column, commonly referred to as the small of the back, receives the most _______.
stress
The __________ foramen, between the styloid and mastoid processes, allows cranial nerve seven (facial nerve) to leave the skull.
stylomastoid
The needle like __________ process is an attachment point for several tongue and neck muscles and for a ligament that secures the hyoid bone of the neck to the skull.
styoid
It articulates superiorly (via it's ________ articular processes) with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx
superior
The __________ nuchal line marks the upper limit of the neck.
superior
The paired _________ and __________ articular processes protrude superiorly and inferiorly, respectively, from the pedical-lamina junctions
superior, inferior
The nasal bones articulate with the frontal bone __________, the maxillary bones __________, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bones _________.
superiorly, laterally, posteriorly
The lacrimal bones articulate with the frontal bone __________, the ethmoid bone __________, and the maxillae __________.
superiorly, posteriorly, anteriorly
Each supraobital margin is pierced by a ______ foramen (notch), which allow the supraobital artery and nerves to pass to the forehead.
supraorbital
The frontal squamous region (forehead) ends inferiorly at the __________ margins.
supraorbital
All bones of the adult skull are firmly united by interlocking joints called __________(soo'-cherz).
sutures
Lordosis is also called
swayback
The maxillary sinuses extend from the orbits to the roots of the upper _______.
teeth
The two __________ bones lie inferior to the parietal bones and meet them at the squamous sutures
temporal
Together the mandibular fossa and the lower jaw bone form the ____________ (TMJ)
temporomandibular joint
The thoracic cage is composed of: _________ vertebrae posteriorly, _________ and costal cartilages anteriorly, and ______ laterally.
thoracic, sternum, ribs
The sphenoid bone consists of a central body and _____ pairs of process.
three
The uses of the terms temple and temporal, from the Latin word temporum, meaning "_____", came about because gray hairs, a sign of time's passing, usually appear first the the temples.
time
dens means
tooth
A _________ process extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch. (so there are two of them)
transverse
Four ridges, the _________ ridges, cross its concave anterior aspect, marking the lines of fusion of the sacral vertebrae
transverse
Scoliosis literally means
twisted disease
alae of sacrum
two lateral wing-like projections
The cranial can be divided into a _____ and a _____.
vault, base
Together, the body and vertebral arch enclose an opening called the __________ foramen.
vertebral
Successive vertebral foramina of the articulated vertebrae form the long ________ ________, through which the spinal cord passes.
vertebral canal
The slender, plow-shaped ______ lies in the nasal cavity, where it forms part of the nasal septum.
vomer (vo'mer)
prefix "sphen" means
wedge
Laterally, the maxillae articulate with the zygomatic bones via their __________ processes.
zygomatic
The __________ bones form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the inferolateral margins of the orbits
zygomatic
The irregularly shaped __________ bones are commonly called the cheekbones.
zygomatic
Together, the squamous part and zygomatic process form the __________ arch, which you can feel as the projection of your cheek.
zygomatic
The tympanic part of the temporal bone surrounds the external ________ meatus, or external ear canal.
acoustic
Flanking the perpendicular plate on each side is a lateral mass riddled with sinuses called ethmoid _____ cells.
air
Its superior border, called the ________ margin, contains the sockets (alveoli) in which the teeth are embedded.
alveolar
The maxillae carry the upper teeth in their __________ margins.
alveolar
The cranial base in divided into three distinct "steps" or fossa
anterior fossa, middle fossa, and posterior cranial fossae
The major supporting ligaments are the _________ and __________ longitudinal ligaments
anterior, posterior
The zygomatic process meets the zygomatic bone of the face ___________.
anteriorly
The __________ __________ limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus when the spine in compressed.
anulus fibrosus
Surrounding the nucleus pulposus is a strong collar composed of collagen fibers superficially and fibrocartilage internally, the __________ fibrosus. (an'u-lus fibro'sus)
anuslus
The laminae complete the ______ posteriorly.
arch
Posterolateral to the foramen ovale is the small foramen spinosum which transmits the middle meningeal ________ which serves the internal faces of some cranial bones.
artery
Laterally, the sacrum articulates (via it's _________ surfaces) with the two hip bones to form the sacroiliac (sa'-kro-il'e-ak) joints of the pelvis
articular
anulus fibrosus
outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage
lateral sacral crest
paired irregular ridges running down the lateral sides of the posterior sacrum that was formed by the fusion of the transverse processes from the five sacral vertebrae
Each L-shaped __________ bone is fashioned from two bony plates, the horizontal and perpendicular.
palatine
The __________ process of the maxillae project posteriorly from the alveolar margins and fuse medially, forming the anterior two-thirds of the hard palate, or bony roof of the mouth.
palatine (pa'lah-tin)
The ______ bones form the bulk of the cranial vault.
parietal
The two large __________ bones are curved, rectangular bones that form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull.
parietal
The lambdoid suture separates the __________ bone(s) and the __________ bone.
parietal, occipital
The squamous suture separates the __________ bone and the __________(above ear) bone.
parietal, temporal
The 8 cranial bones are the paired ______ and _____ bones and the unpaired ______, ______, ______, and _____ bones.
parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
Meatus means
passageway
The trough shaped __________ processes project inferiorly from the junction of the body and greater wings.
pterygoid
The palatine bones have three important articular processes, the __________, __________, and the __________.
pyramidal, sphenoidal, orbital.
The mandible has a body, which forms the chin, and two upright _____.
rami
medial sacral crest
remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae
The demifacets receive the heads of the _____.
ribs
The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ______.
ribs
The __________ of the nasal cavity is formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.
roof
The cribriform plates help form the _____ of the nasal cavity, and the _____ of the anterior cranial fossa.
roof, floor
Inferior to the lumbar vertebrae is the __________, which articulates with the hip bones of the pelvis
sacrum (sa'krum)
The ______ suture is where the parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline.
sagittal
