Chapter 7: The Skeletal System/Chapter 8: Joints

Coccyx

"tail bone"

Ulna

-Longer of the two bones making up the forearm. -Has a trochlear notch that articulates with the humerus.

Coracoid Process

Provides attachments for limb and chest muscles.

Plane Joint

-"Gliding joint" -Occurs where articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved. -Back-and-forth motion. -ie: carpals in wrist and tarsals in foot.

Epiphyseal Plates

-"Growth plates" -Responsible for growth/lengthening of bones. -At adulthood, it disappears and you are left with only epiphyseal plate remnant.

Pectoral Girdle

-"Shoulder girdle" -Makes an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs. -Consists of 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles. -Acromion process, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity are related.

Joints

-"articulations" -Can be classified according to the degree of movement possible (immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable). -Can also be classified according to the type of tissue that binds them together. -Main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Condyloid Joint

-"condylar joint" or "ellipsoidal joint" -Consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity. -Permits a variety of motion. -ie: Between metacarpal and phalange.

Glenoid Cavity

-"glenoid fossa" -Fossa (indentation) that articulates with the humerus.

Sacral Vertebrae (general, how it is unique)

-"sacrum" or "sacral bone" -Made up of 5 vertebrae fused together into one triangular bone.

Tibia

-"shin bone" -Larger; supports weight of body. -Articulates with femur and with the tarsal bones of the foot. -Its anterior tibial tuberosity is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament. -Other features include the medial malleoulus (inner ankle).

Retraction/Protraction

-"shoulder blades"; pinch together/move apart -chin back/chin out

Circumduction

-"softball pitch" -Proximal end is stationary and the distal end has a lot of movement

Thoracic Vertebrae (general, significance)

-12 total. -Can tell thoracic from the rest because they have lateral facets that articulate with the ribs.

Number of bones within the skull

-22 bones total -8 cranial bones, 13 facial bones, and the mandible.

Ribs

-24 total. -14 true ribs total (7 on each side). -10 false ribs total (5 on each side). -2 lowest false ribs are "floating ribs" (4 total).

Vertebral Column (general)

-24 vertebrae total. -From skull to pelvis, it forms the vertical axis of the skeleton. -Composed of vertebrae separated by fibrocartilagenous intervertebral disks. -First two vertebrae are 1)atlas and 2)axis -Three sections: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.

Lumbar Vertebrae (general)

-5 total. -Support the weight of the body. -Largest vertebrae.

Ankle

-7 tarsal bones. -Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula. -Calcaneus (heel bone) supports the body weight and attaches to a large tendon.

Cervical Vertebrae (general, significance)

-7 vertebrae total; 1)atlas 2)axis -Can tell cervical from the rest of them because: C3-C7 have a forked spinous process, they are smaller, and they contain transverse foramina (which allow blood to get to your head).

Pivot Joint

-A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue. -ie: proximal ends of radius and ulna, neck (atlas and axis)

What causes the bones' increase in diameter?

-Although growth/lengthening is what epiphyseal plates are responsible for, increases in diameter are due to intramembranous ossification underneath the periosteum.

Foot

-Ankle is composed of 7 tarsal bones. -Instep of foot consists of 5 metatarsal bones and provides an arch. -Each toe is made up of 3 phalanges, except the "great toe". -Great toe only has two phalanges (lacks a middle phalanx).

Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion

-Applies to the foot -"foot off gas"/"foot on gas"

Head of Femur

-Articulates with the acetabulum (socket on coxal bone).

Eversion/Inversion

-At the ankle -Turn foot out/turn foot in

Microscopic Structure of Long Bones

-Bone cells (osteocytes) are located within spaces called lacunae that lie in concentric circles around central canals that contain blood vessels and nerves. -Osteocytes pass nutrients, wastes, and gases back and forth in passageways in the matrix called canaliculi. -Extracellular material consists of collagen and inorganic salts.

Bone Development

-Bones form by replacing connective tissue in the fetus. -There is intramembranous bone formation and endochondral bone formation.

How bone protects

-Bones of skull protect eyes, ears, and brain. -Ribs protect heart and lungs.

Lateral processes of vertebrae (1 of 24)

-Called "pedicles" -Form the sides of the vertebral foramen (which helps enclose the spinal cord).

Dorsal process of vertebrae

-Called "spinous process". -Protects spine and limits/allows movement.

Process of endochondral bone formation

-Cartilage tissue is invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts that first form spongy bone at the primary ossification center in the diaphysis. -Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down compact bone outside the spongy bone. -Secondary ossification centers appear later in the epiphyses. -A band of hyaline cartilage, the epiphyseal plate, forms between the two ossification centers. -Osteoclasts break down the calcified matrix and are replaced with bone-building osteoblasts that deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage.

Wrist

-Consists of 8 carpal bones. -Gliding joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint

-Consists of bone with a globular or egg-shaped head articulating with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. -Very wide range of motion is possible. -ie: Shoulders and hips

Appendicular

-Consists of pectoral girdle, lower limbs, pelvic girdle, and upper limbs.

Pelvic Girdle

-Consists of the two coxal bones and the sacrum. -Supports trunk of the body on the lower limbs and protects organs within (ie: reproductive).

Structure of Long Bone

-Ends of bones are called epiphyses. -Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) cover the ends at the joints. -Shaft of the bone is called the diaphysis. -Periosteum covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons. -Bony processes or grooves indicate places of attachment for muscles and tendons.

Epiphyses

-Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones. -Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the ends at the joints. -Contains epiphyseal plates and spongy bone (which contains red marrow).

Differences in the male and female pelvis

-Female: opening is wider and the pubic arch angle is greater. -Male: opening is narrower, it appears longer, and the pubic arch angle is smaller.

Different movements at joints

-Flexion/extension -Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion -Hyperextension -Abduction/adduction -Rotation -circumduction -pronation/supination -eversion/inversion -retraction/protraction -elevation/depression

Saddle Joint

-Forms where articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas. -Wide range of movements. -ie: between trapezium (carpal bone) and metacarpal of thumb ("base of thumb").

How bone supports

-Gives shape to head, face, thorax, and limbs. -Pelvis and lower limbs support the body's weight.

Cartilaginous Joints

-Hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage unite the bones in these joints. -ie: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis (both are hyaline cartilage), and where the first rib meets the sternum.

Intramembranous Bone Formation

-Intramembranous bones develop from layers of connective tissue (ie: flat bones of the skull). -Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix (tissue) around themselves.

Facial Bones

-Located in skull on face. -13 total -Maxilla (2 of them), palatine (2 of them), zygomatic (2 of them), lacrimal bones (2 of them), nasal bones (2 of them), vomer bone, inferior nasal conchae (2 of them).

Cranial bones

-Located in skull. -8 total -Frontal, parietal (2 of them), occipital, temporal (2 of them), sphenoid, ethmoid.

Osteocytes (in long bones)

-Located in the lacunae. -Pass nutrients, wastes, and gases back and forth in the canaliculi.

Radius

-Located on the thumb side of forearm. -Purpose of flattened head of radius is because it is a pivot joint with the humerus (at the capitulum).

Diaphysis (structure, bone)

-Made up of compact bone. -Contains hollow medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with [yellow] marrow.

Sternum

-Made up of the manubrium (upper), body (middle), and the xiphoid process (lower).

Hand

-Made up of wrist, palm, and fingers. -Has 5 metacarpal bones and the bones of the fingers are called phalanges. -Each finger has 3 bones (except for the thumb).

Synovial Joints

-Most joints of the skeleton are synovial joints. -More complex than fibrous or cartilaginous joints. -Articular end of synovial joints is covered with hyaline cartilage. -Have a joint capsule formed from the connective tissue and the synovial membrane, and this space is filled with synovial fluid. -Some contain shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage called menisci, and may have fluid-filled sacs called bursae (plural) or bursa (singular). -Types of synovial joints: ball-and-socket, condyloid, plane/gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle

Endochondral Bone Formation (General)

-Most of bones of skeleton fall into this category. -First develop as hyaline cartilage models, and are then replaced with bone.

Spongy Bone (structure, location)

-Osteocytes and intercellular material are irregularly arranged and form cross connections called trabeculae. -Found in the epiphyses of long bones and in all of the skull. -Contains red marrow.

Compact Bone (structure, location)

-Osteocytes and intercellular material are organized into columns (cylinders) called osteons that are cemented together. -Central canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers, and extend longitudinally through bone. -Central canals are interconnected by transverse preforating canals (Volkmann's canals). -Found in diaphysis of long bones. -Contains yellow marrow.

Ilium

-Part of coxal bone. -Largest and most superior portion. -Joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac ("SI") joint.

Pubis

-Part of ilium, which is part of coxal bone. -Comprises the anterior portion of the coxal bones. -Articulates at the pubic symphysis ("symphysis pubis") with fibrocartilage in between.

Ischium

-Part of ilium, which is part of coxal bone. -Forms the L-shaped portion that supports weight during sitting.

Femur

-Part of lower limb -"thigh bone" -Extends from hip to knee and is the longest bone in the body. -Articulates with tibia at medial and lateral condyles. -Other features include neck and greater and lesser trochanters.

Clavicle

-Part of pectoral girdle. -Can be recognized because it is S-shaped. -Acromion process articulates with the clavicle

Coxal Bone

-Part of the pelvic girdle -Contains ilium (upper), ischium, and pubis.

Humerus

-Part of upper arm. -Articulates with the scapula at the head. -Articulates with the radius at the capitulum (smaller). -Articulates with the ulna at the trochlea (larger).

Axial

-Protects head, neck, and trunk. -Consists of skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Head of Humerus

-Proximal in relation to the humerus itself (attached at shoulder). -Articulates with the scapula.

Fibula

-Slender bone lying lateral on the lower leg. -Does not bear body weight. -Lateral malleolus forms the outside ankle.

Bone Functions

-Support, protect, muscle attachment/movement, blood production, and store minerals.

Thoracic Cage

-Supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs, as well as protects organs. -Consists of ribs (24 total), thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages.

Periosteum

-Tough layer of vascular connective tissue. -Covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons.

Hinge Joint

-When a convex surface fits into a concave surface. -Movement is in one plane only. -ie: elbow

Suture

A fibrous joint between two flat bones of the skull.

Acromion Process

Articulates with the clavicle.

Abduction/Adduction

Away from midline/towards midline

Fontanel

Baby's soft spot.

Flexion/Extension

Bending/staightening

Hyperextension

Beyond normal extension

How bone affects blood production

Blood cells are produced (in red bone marrow)

Ligament

Bone to bone attachment.

Tendon

Bone to muscle attachment.

How bone affects muscle attachment and movement

Bones act as levers.

How bone stores minerals

Calcium in bone is reservoir for body's calcium.

Zygomatic Bone

Cheek bones.

Tissues contained within bone

Connective and nervous tissue

What the Extracellular Matrix is made of (Long bone)

Consists of collagen and inorganic salts.

Upper Limb

Contains humerus, radius, ulna, and hand.

Body of Vertebrae (1 of 24)

Drum-shaped part that supports the weight of the head and trunk.

Fibrous Joints

Held close together by dense connective tissue and are immovable (like sutures of skull) or only slightly movable (like the joint between the distal tibia and fibula).

Bursitis

Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs called bursae.

Red Marrow (found where and function)

Makes red blood cells and is found in spongy bone.

Thumb

Only has 2 bones; missing the middle phalanx.

Pronation/Supination

Palm down/Palm up

Elevation/Depression

Shoulders up/shoulders down

Maxilla Bone

Upper jaw

Yellow Marrow

Used for fat storage.

What happens during a muscle contraction

When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end called the insertion toward its stationary end called the origin, causing movement at a joint.