Chapter 8-11

Plate tectonic movement results from ________. -high surface winds and erosion -mass wasting -unstable surface rock formations -molten materials from the core escaping to the surface -convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

-convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

How is the population of killer whales in the Puget Sound changing? The killer whale population is __________. Hints -declining in animals of all ages -shifting its migration routes westward by more than 200 miles -declining in numbers of its oldest killer whales -declining in numbers of its youngest killer whales

-declining in animals of all ages

Tsunamis are caused by ________. -global climate change -displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides -abrupt changes in temperature of seawater -boiling water entering the oceans from undersea faults -abnormally high and sustained winds

-displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides

Based strictly on increases in air pollution over the past few decades, where would we expect to see the greatest decrease in life spans? We would expect to see a decrease in life span in __________. Hints Honolulu, Hawaii Detroit, Michigan Beijing, China Miami, Florida

Beijing, China

Private land trust that purchases and protects areas in natural condition -Nature conservancy -world heritage sites -U.S. forest service -UN Food and Agriculture Organization -National Park Service -Wilderness areas

Nature Conservancy

Both fossils and fossil fuels are found in __________ rock layers. Sedimentary Mantle Metamorphic Molten

Sedimentary

Why is a new island more hospitable to colonizers than an older island is? The extinction rate is higher on the newer island. Competition is more intense on the newer island. The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island. Predation is less of a factor on older islands. Competition is less intense on the newer island.

The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island.

Persistent exposure to compound C in workers in steel foundries causes higher incidence of throat and lung cancer later in life. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

carcinogen

The goal of the Stockholm Convention is to ________. -reduce global warming -end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous -educate women about birth control -reduce the ecological footprints of people around the world -prevent the spread of the AIDS

end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous

Differences in DNA composition among individuals within a given species genetic diversity extinction umbrella species hotspot biophilia speciation

genetic diversity

__________ provides the raw material for adaptation to local conditions. Hints Cloning Genetic diversity Biophilia Biosphere diversity

genetic diversity

For the graph you created in Step 3, what type of dose-response curve is this? Hints S-curve without threshold inverted U-curve J-curve S-curve with threshold

j-curve

________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia. Oil palm plantations Reserves for indigenous peoples Invasive exotic species World heritage sites Biosphere reserves

oil palm plantations

Living on a fault line that is prone to earthquakes is an example of a __________ hazard cultural physical biological chemical

physical

The relationship between recycling, economics, and energy consumption is demonstrated in the case of aluminum, where ________. -95% of the energy expended to mine and produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling -all of the metal recycling industries in the United States went bankrupt by 2009 -new cheap mining technologies and huge newly discovered aluminum deposits have made recycling unprofitable -it costs more than ten times as much to produce items from recycled aluminum than from virgin ore -the U.S. failure to recycle aluminum has caused energy to be lost in mining new ore

-95% of the energy expended to mine and produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling

Why are scientists interested in the effects of environmental hazards on wildlife? Hints -All of their research can take place in the field, so they do not need expensive lab equipment. -Wildlife is immune to human-produced toxicants, and humans are immune to wildlife-produced toxicants. -Most diseases are spread from wild animals to humans. -Animals can serve as an early warning to the damage of environmental toxins.

-Animals can serve as an early warning to the damage of environmental toxins.

Based on population and consumption trends, which region would have had the highest paper consumption in the year 2010? -Latin America, due to high population growth rates -North America, due to high per capita consumption levels -Europe, due to the developed world businesses and industries present in the region -Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates

-Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates

Which of these statements is supported by the graph? Select all that apply. -Climate change is a major cause of amphibian decline. -There are more non-threatened amphibian species than threatened amphibian species. -Habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline. -The declines of many amphibian species are unexplained. -Amphibian declines from pollution have increased since the year 2000.

-Habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline. -The declines of many amphibian species are unexplained.

In comparison to Porter, Marian Stanley suggests that current screening processes are adequate. Based on her essay, what might Stanley say about Porter's criticisms of the current approach? -Initial chemical screening triggers higher-level testing if there are any adverse effects. -Chemical industry profits take priority over public health. -Linear dose response has served as an effective tool for chemical testing. -The chemical industry can test actual products—not just active ingredients—when needed.

-Initial chemical screening triggers higher-level testing if there are any adverse effects.

Both authors describe the unhealthy state of forests but describe very different solutions. Which of the following answers list Koehler's primary solution and Bosworth's primary solution? -Koehler: subsidize industrial logging; Bosworth: shift to imported wood only -Koehler: increased road networks; Bosworth: end logging in national forests -Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning) -Koehler: eliminate forest fires; Bosworth: target invasive insect species

-Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning)

Warren Porter compares the costs and benefits of current industry testing practices. Which of the following statements does he include as a benefit of the current approach? -Childhood development is affected by chemical exposure -Consumer prices increase -Increases development costs for new chemical products -Leads to greater economic activity

-Leads to greater economic activity

Acid drainage does not normally occur in areas before mines are built but tends to happen after the mine has been in operation for many years. What causes acid drainage? Hints -Concentrated acids used to dissolve metals from the rock are picked up in rainwater. -Mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids. -Abandoned mining equipment leaks acids from batteries. -The acid is already present in trapped underground pockets and is released by mining equipment.

-Mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids.

Although Koehler and Bosworth disagree about the role of logging in U.S. national forests, their essays suggest one potential point of agreement. Which of the following statements would both authors support? -America's wilderness areas provide sufficient protection for our remaining old-growth forests. -Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas. -The U.S. Forest Service is following its mandate and properly managing our national forests. -National forests are a critical source of domestic lumber.

-Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas.

If you were on a legislative panel to review the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and wished to include new requirements based on the Precautionary Principle, which of the following policies would you include? -Use the industry Responsible Care program for additional toxicity data. -Mandate active ingredient toxicity testing. -Eliminate the use of lab animal testing. -Require low physiological dose testing.

-Require low physiological dose testing.

One of the steps in processing some metals is smelting. What does smelting do for a metal? -Smelting changes one elemental metal into a more useful one--for instance iron into copper. -Smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs. -Smelting is part of solution mining and is the term that describes dissolving the metal in a solvent. -Smelting removes the acids generated in acid drainage.

-Smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs.

Why can many different species coexist and thrive in areas close to the equator? Hints -Glaciation events at the equator promote species diversity. -Equatorial climatic conditions provide little energy, so species must work together to share what is available. -Equatorial climatic conditions favor generalists. -Stable equatorial climatic conditions discourage any one species from dominating the ecosystem and encourage biodiversity.

-Stable equatorial climatic conditions discourage any one species from dominating the ecosystem and encourage biodiversity.

Which statement is most likely to have described how the landscape changed in the 12 years after the 1988 fires? -The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest increased. -The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest stayed the same. -The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest decreased. -It is not possible to make a prediction based on the data in this graph.

-The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest decreased.

Why have some open pit mines been declared Superfund sites? Hints -The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals. -Chemicals used in the mining process to dissolve the rock have left the site permanently toxic. -The sites are considered dangerous because of the fear of collapsing shafts and sinkholes. -The size of the pit poses a serious hazard, as someone could fall in.

-The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals.

Which of the following statements is supported by the data in the graph? -There is a negative correlation between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera. -An increase in sea surface temperature causes the incidence of cholera to increase. -There is a positive correlation between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera. -There is no relationship between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera.

-There is a positive correlation between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera.

Established under the leadership of Gifford Pinchot to manage forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run" match: -Nature conservancy -world heritage sites -U.S. forest service -UN Food and Agriculture Organization -National Park Service -Wilderness areas

-U.S. forest service

Sedimentary rock is formed ________. -the heating of igneous rock by the heat of the core -the cooling of igneous rock -as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals -from the melting of metamorphic rock -vaporization of organic material by magma

-as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals

Most of the miners are likely to be local villagers supervised by Afghan mining engineers. Compensation for workers should be ________. -whatever gives the greatest corporate profit for the employer -whatever the Afghan central government, in cooperation with national tribal leaders decides -giving the money to village leaders and local tribal leaders to determine -the same rate at which U.S. miners are paid -at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security

-at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security

The problems with the Puget Sound killer whale population have taught us to __________. Hints -be very careful when adding new chemical compounds to natural environments -stop fishing for salmon in regions populated with killer whales -restrict sound levels in regions populated with killer whales -restrict the movements of boats and aircraft where killer whales are known to migrate or feed

-be very careful when adding new chemical compounds to natural environments

Louis Guillette is most famous for his studies ________. -on gonadal abnormalities in frogs -about the dangers of DDT -about the dangers of second-hand smoke -describing reproductive and developmental abnormalities in alligators Florida lakes -on neurological effects of pesticide poisoning

-describing reproductive and developmental abnormalities in alligators Florida lakes

Which of the following management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity? Hints -understory management -ecosystem-based management -clear-cutting of secondary forests -maximum sustainable yield

-ecosystem-based management

As in the mining of coltan in Congo, coal mining in Appalachia has produced issues of ________. -industrial smog -economic prosperity for local residents, but high prices for everyone else -black market activity for stolen and poached minerals -environmental damage and social and economic injustice -job losses and air pollution

-environmental damage and social and economic injustice

The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ________. -focused on the impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on humans -was the first book to dispute claims in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring -was the first book that discussed environmental problems with DDT -is credited with starting the environmental movement in the United States -was the first book that discussed water pollution problems in Lake Apopka

-focused on the impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on humans

Changes in habitat have tremendous effects on the organisms that depend on them. These effects are ________. -generally negative; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat less suitable -generally positive; the changes increase the habitat that is available for species to colonize -generally positive; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat more suitable -generally neutral; the variations within each species allow them to adapt very quickly -generally negative; the changes usually cause rapid extinction of most species

-generally negative; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat less suitable

The effect of rising rates of consumption of metals will ________. -have the smallest effect on the price of lead, zinc, and copper, but largest for titanium -have no effect on price -increase the lifetime of economically recoverable metal deposits -force prices lower as nations compete for limited resources -make prices higher as nations complete for limited resources

-increase the lifetime of economically recoverable metal deposits

Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________. -recycling -researching more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques of extraction -finding more available substitutes for scarce minerals -exploring for new reserves -increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals

-increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals

What is the mechanism behind the movement of Earth's tectonic plates? Hints -Earth's outer core is a liquid and generates the convection that allows for tectonic plate movement. -intense heat in the asthenosphere that generates convection -intense heat in the lithosphere that generates convection -The oceans extend deep into the lithosphere, which allows for the drifting movement of the overlying crust.

-intense heat in the asthenosphere that generates convection

Aquatic animals such as fish and frogs are especially good indicators of water pollution because ________. -the metabolism of these organisms is most like ours -all chemical toxicants are found in water -they are easy to catch -these organisms are the most abundant on Earth -most chemicals are water soluble so they enter these organisms through drinking or skin absorption

-most chemicals are water soluble so they enter these organisms through drinking or skin absorption

Synergistic effects of toxicants that are mixed together ________. -have effects that tend to cancel one another out -always involve synthetic toxicants -often are multiplicative (the mixed toxicants may multiply each other's effects) -typically have simple additive effects -are not numerous in the natural environment

-often are multiplicative (the mixed toxicants may multiply each other's effects)

subsurface mining -one of the most dangerous occupations in the united states -overburden is removed from mining site -destroys large areas of wildlife habitat -used to extract resources that are deep underground -used to extract resources that are near the surface -safety requires good ventilation systems -used to extract coal -generates acid drainage

-one of the most dangerous occupations in the united states -used to extract resources that are deep underground -safety requires good ventilation systems

All of the following could be sensible appointments for the UN Council, except perhaps ________. -regional economists without corporate ties -representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations -mining engineers from Afghanistan and neighboring nations -experts in environmental and social justice from the Arab League of Nations

-representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations

The health problems of Puget Sound killer whales include __________. Hints -respiratory problems related to their gills -symptoms similar to AIDS -deformed embryos -flu-like symptoms that include high fevers and decreased appetites

-symptoms similar to AIDS

What sort of far-reaching, even global, environmental impact can result from the eruption of especially large volcanoes? Hints -warming Earth's oceans on a global scale -the increased warming of the atmosphere due to heated particles in the air -widespread flooding due to the release of water vapor -the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight

-the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight

Mine tailings are __________. -the final portions of rich veins of minerals found in subsurface mining; when the tailings are reached, a new shaft is dug to find a new mineral vein -the product of metal smelting -the remains of ore after most of the metals have been removed -the name given to the malformations seen in birds that have been poisoned in open pit mines

-the remains of ore after most of the metals have been removed

The lithosphere consists of ________. -the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust -magma and molten metal -the upper mantle and core -the upper part of the asthenosphere -soils and vegetation

-the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust

The Pacific "ring of fire" is a volcanic area where ________. -there is a great deal of mass wasting -there are many earthquakes and active plate boundaries -there is severe coastal erosion -sedimentary rock is being formed from igneous rock -pyroclastic flow has caused landslides

-there are many earthquakes and active plate boundaries

Concessions granted by developing nations allow ________. -the establishment of national parks -establishment of wilderness areas -timber extraction by foreign multinational corporations -timber extraction according to strictly sustainable forestry principles -restoration of deforested regions

-timber extraction by foreign multinational corporations

The bald eagle, osprey, and peregrine falcon all are ________. -over-hunted for their feathers -extinct -found only in Florida -top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT -U.S. invasive species

-top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT

strip mining -one of the most dangerous occupations in the united states -overburden is removed from mining site -destroys large areas of wildlife habitat -used to extract resources that are deep underground -used to extract resources that are near the surface -safety requires good ventilation systems -used to extract coal -generates acid drainage

-used to extract resources that are near the surface -overburden is removed from mining site -destroys large areas of wildlife habitat

Assume this curve represents the portion of test animals developing tumors from exposure to groundwater contaminant. What dose causes cancer in 1% of the population? Hints 0.0034 mg/Kg 0.01 mg/Kg 0.0018 mg/Kg 0.006 mg/Kg

0.0034 mg/Kg

What would you recommend as a maximum safe exposure level for this food preservative? 9 gm/Kg, because that is the TD50. 0.01 gm/Kg, because this is well below the lowest dose that results in measurable toxic effects. The data indicate that there is no safe exposure level. 0.3 gm/Kg, because this is the first point where the curve rises above the X-axis.

0.01 gm/Kg, because this is well below the lowest dose that results in measurable toxic effects.

Assume this curve is from a study evaluating mortality in an indicator species from exposure to an herbicide. What is the LD50? Hints 3.1 mg/Kg 1.0 mg/Kg 0.1 mg/Kg 0.04 mg/Kg

0.04

At what concentration does this contaminant have its smallest toxic effect? 0.01 microgram per Kg 0.6 microgram per Kg 0.05 microgram per Kg 25 micrograms per Kg

0.05 microgram per Kg

Assume the curve in Step 5 is from a drug trial evaluating the effectiveness of a new medicine. What dose produces the desired effect in 95% of the population? Hints 3.1 mg/Kg 1.2 mg/Kg 0.04 mg/Kg 0.4 mg/Kg

1.2 mg/Kg

What percent of the world's oceans are in protected areas or reserves? Hints 1.6% 6.1% 7.2% 99.9%

1.6%

What percentage of the studies showed a negative effect of organic farming on organisms? 11% 89% 13% 8%

11

Approximately what areal percentage of the world's lands are designated as parks, reserves, and protected areas? 1% 12% 88% 100%

12%

Approximately how many tons of paper and paperboard were consumed worldwide in 1970? 130 tons 350 tons 130 million tons 350 million tons

130 million tons

Now calculate the tons of paper and paperboard consumed worldwide in 2000. Use your answer to this question and your answer from Part B to calculate the approximate percentage change in consumption from 1970 to 2000. 2% 63% 170% 370%

170%

During which period were forest fires most extensive? 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900

1700-1750

In which of the following years was the sea surface temperature more than 1ºC above the average temperature? Select all that apply. 1983 1987 1988 1991 1997

1983 1987 1997

In which of the following years did the incidence of cholera reach its lowest level? 1981 1987 1988 1989 1993

1989

If Cuba reaches its goal, about how much of its coastal waterways will be set aside for conservation? 10% 25% 50% 75%

25

The human population of Madagascar doubles about every _____ years. 10 25 40 60 80

25

________% of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest. 40 50 Less than 5 30 5-10

30

In 1770, how much of the landscape did the thinning stage occupy? 15% 25% 50% 50 square miles

50%

Overall, how many studies showed a positive effect of organic farming on biodiversity? 66 41 13 9

66

The dose at which 50% of a population exhibits a toxic response is called the TD50. What is the TD50 for this food preservative? Hints 0.3 gm/Kg 0.01 gm/Kg 5 gm/Kg 8 gm/Kg

8 gm/Kg

What percent of the plant species found on Madagascar are unique to that island? 10 20 40 80 90

80

What is the overall ratio of positive effects of organic farming to negative effects? 8:66 8.25:1 1:8.25 66:8

8:25:1

Paleontologists and ecologists agree that ________. -extinction is tied exclusively to human activities -99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct -biodiversity is evenly spread over the earth's biomes -speciation is a major cause of biodiversity loss -more than 99% of all species alive today have been discovered and described

99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct

A plant with which of the following characteristics would likely be most successful in an area where all of the hemlocks have been killed off by the hemlock wooly adelgid? A species that does well in soil with high nitrogen. A species that does well in soil with no nitrogen. A species that does well in soil with average nitrogen. A species that does well in soil with low nitrogen.

A species that does well in soil with high nitrogen.

Although the authors disagree on the effectiveness of our current "innocent until proven guilty" approach, they do agree on one impact of requiring more comprehensive toxicity testing. On which of the following impacts would both authors agree? More comprehensive testing would require the needless deaths of hundreds of lab animals. The cost of additional testing is prohibitive. Additional testing is unnecessary because no single comprehensive program is appropriate for all industrial chemicals. Additional testing is time-consuming and difficult and may be technically impossible.

Additional testing is time-consuming and difficult and may be technically impossible.

Which of the following is true? There is virtually no agriculture in Cuba. Agriculture in Cuba relies mainly on organic techniques. Agriculture in Cuba relies on heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers. Agriculture in Cuba is about a 50-50 mix of organic and non-organic.

Agriculture in Cuba relies mainly on organic techniques.

Which of these is NOT a use for materials mined from Earth? Hints nuclear power cell phones Fertilizers All of the above come from mined materials.

All of the above come from mined materials.

Which of the following has contributed to longer life spans in the United States? Hints improved health care decreased air pollution improved diet All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Dale Bosworth describes several reasons why America's national forests are not pristine landscapes. Which of the following reasons does he include in his essay? -American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire. -Climate change is not likely to affect forested areas. -Most grazing activity took place on grasslands rather than forest areas. -European settlers left forested areas intact when they came to North America.

American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire.

What is an alloy? Hints -It is a mining technique for recovering gold from a river basin. -a disease caused by coal mining -An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together. -the material left behind after a metal has been removed from an ore

An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together.

Matthew Koehler includes several statistics about impacts of logging in national forests. Which of the following statements describe an ecological impact of logging? -Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses. -Existing national forest roads require $10 billion in maintenance. -National forest logging levels have decreased since the mid-1990s. -U.S. national forests supply less than 2% of our nation's wood products.

Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses.

What is the relationship between colonizing success and the number of species already established on an island? -As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success decreases. -There is no relationship between the number of established species on an island and colonizing success. -As the number of established species on an island decreases, colonizing success also decreases; and as the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success also increases. -As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success also increases. -As the number of established species on an island decreases, colonizing success also decreases.

As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success decreases.

Most widely used herbicide in the United States; an endocrine disruptor

Atrazine

If things progress the way the governor of Utah wishes, which of the following will happen? -Bears Ears will be declared a National Monument and left to the federal government to manage. -Bears Ears will be declared a National Monument and left to local American Indian tribes to manage. -Bears Ears will be declared a National Monument and left to the federal government and local American Indian tribes to manage. -Bears Ears will not be declared a National Monument.

Bears Ears will not be declared a National Monument.

Widely used as a lining in metal food and drink cans and to make polycarbonate plastic, a hard, clear plastic found in water bottles and many other products. Mimics the female sex hormone estrogen

Bisphenol-A

________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a) short persistence time(s). PBDEs DDE DDT Bt PCBs

Bt

Most commercial logging today takes place in ________. Canada, Russia, and Brazil Australia the United States Europe Mexico

Canada, Russia, and Brazil

You are the mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The trees in your town are under siege from the Asian long-horned beetle. Where should you go to best learn how to eradicate this pest? Des Moines, Iowa St. Louis, Missouri Chicago, Illinois Duluth, Minnesota

Chicago, Illinois

During the formation of sedimentary rock layers, sediments accumulate over time, leading to __________ of the layers. circum-Pacific belting Expansion Polymerization Compaction

Compaction

Insecticide used to kill mosquitoes; banned in the United States in 1973 due to its toxicity

DDT

One example of a(n) ______ would be the quantity of a toxic substance that causes 50% of lab rats to show reduced appetite after exposure. threshold dose LD50 ED50 response

ED50

Of the following U.S. agencies, ________ is primarily responsible for addressing issues regarding mercury pollution. DOE OSHA BLM USDA EPA

EPA

Which of the following areas would be affected most by the decreasing federal budget for the National Park Service? Effigy Mounds National Monument Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge Caribou-Targhee National Forest Pawnee National Grassland

Effigy Mounds National Monument

The primary legislation for protecting biodiversity in the United States is the __________. Hints Clean Air Act Occupational Safety and Hazards Act Endangered Species Act Clean Water Act

Endangered Species Act

After much investigation, is discovered to be a drinking water contaminant. Which of the following federal agencies is responsible for regulation?

Environmental Protection Agency

Your aunt sits on the board of the most successful philanthropic group advocating for protecting public lands. What is she working to improve and protect? Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Grand Canyon National Park Golden Gate National Recreation Area

Golden Gate National Recreation Area

How is community-based conservation different from more traditional approaches to conservation? Hints -In community-based conservation, scientists from a wide range of backgrounds are brought together to focus the efforts of an entire scientific community on the problem. -Community-based conservation requires a large community of guards to patrol preserves and keep people out. -In community-based conservation, local people are involved with protecting the habitat of endangered species, allowing them to still gain benefit from its resources. -Community-based conservation focuses on protecting plant and animal communities rather than single species.

In community-based conservation, local people are involved with protecting the habitat of endangered species, allowing them to still gain benefit from its resources.

How has the "Smokey the Bear" campaign damaged forest health? Hints It has allowed too much clear-cutting. It has focused attention on forests rather than grasslands. It has allowed too many fires to burn in forests. It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests.

It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests.

The _______ is the quantity of a toxic substance needed to jill half of the study organisms. threshold dose LD50 ED50 response

LD50

Which of the following statements is true regarding the area effect? -Large islands contain more species than do smaller islands. -Small islands contain more species than do larger islands. -The number of species on an island is expected to quadruple as the size of an island doubles. -The closer an island is to a continent, the fewer species it will have.

Large islands contain more species than do smaller islands.

Porter describes some limitations of the current "innocent until proven guilty" approach. Identify the statement below that represents a limitation. -Higher pharmacological doses are appropriate for testing all types of physiological responses. -Manufacturers test the actual product that consumers buy. -Surfactants and nonionic solvents added to active ingredients are not biologically active. -Linear dose response does not necessarily measure hormonal and immune responses.

Linear dose response does not necessarily measure hormonal and immune responses.

Within which of the following layers of Earth does plate tectonic movement occur? Lithosphere Asthenosphere Core Mantle

Lithosphere

What is the difference between biosphere reserves and other protected areas? Hints -Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve. -Biosphere reserves are found only around enormous or unusual features. -All species are completely protected within the reserve. Even land managers are not allowed to kill any organisms. -Rather than open up a costly park, iosphere reserves are put in place after clear-cutting to help establish new old-growth forest.

Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve.

Neurotoxin that magnifies within food webs; typically found in polluted bodies of water; it poisoned thousands of people when it was dumped into the waters off Japan; people who ate contaminated fish from the waters exhibited convulsions, slurred speech, loss of muscle control, and sudden fits of laughter; some people died

Mercury

What type of rock results when rock is exposed to great pressure and high temperatures lower than the rock's melting point? Plutonic Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Which of the following best describes the Yellowstone Plateau landscape in 1900? -Most of the landscape was occupied with forests made up of young lodgepole pines. -More than half of the landscape was covered by forests made up of mature shade-tolerant trees. -More than half of the landscape was occupied by forests in which shade-tolerant trees were becoming established. -All of the forest stages occupied about the same amount of area.

More than half of the landscape was occupied by forests in which shade-tolerant trees were becoming established.

Managing environmental risks requires assessing the relative danger or risks and planning appropriately. As mortal creatures, we assess risks to our health and well-being on a regular basis. For example, of the following potential causes of human death (data from 2012), which posed the greatest danger to human life? Death by firearm Airplane crash Drowning Motor vehicle accident

Motor vehicle accident

Mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through use restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, but provides public access for current enjoyment -Nature conservancy -world heritage sites -U.S. forest service -UN Food and Agriculture Organization -National Park Service -Wilderness areas

National Park Service

Which of the following states ranks higher than Kentucky in carbon emissions per unit of electricity from all sources? Illinois Alaska No state ranks higher than Kentucky. Wyoming

No state ranks higher than Kentucky.

Which three regions used the most paper overall for the entire time period represented on the graph? Select the answer that lists the top three regions in order from most to least paper use. North America, Europe, Asia Europe, Asia, North America Asia, Europe, North America North America, Asia, Europe

North America, Europe, Asia

Excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

Open pit mining

What can people scuba diving around Cuba expect to see? Coral reefs in the midst of ruin. Coral reefs in the process of recovery. Pristine coral reefs. No coral reefs.

Pristine coral reefs

Which of the following statements about cloning organisms is true? -Producing cloned animals and keeping them in zoos does not increase biodiversity of the species. -Cloning of mammals is not possible. -Cloning mammals is a more viable strategy than habitat protection for increasing the biodiversity of species on the earth. -Cloning of mammals tends to produce viable organisms that survive to reproductive age.

Producing cloned animals and keeping them in zoos does not increase biodiversity of the species.

Tantalum is needed for mobile phones, and the Congo is a major supplier of this metal. Which of these is true of how mining for tantalum has occurred in the Congo? Hints -The tantalum miners are rapidly becoming wealthy and improving conditions in their country. -Most tantalum mining is being done by large multinational corporations. -The profits from the mining operations have been used to establish and maintain parks and reserves to protect the Congo's natural heritage. -Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people.

Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people.

You are a U.S. senator who plans to introduce an updated version of the Organic Administration Act of 1897. What scientific information would be useful for rewriting the original law? -A comparison of the ecosystem effects of different logging techniques -Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests -Analysis of the costs of imported versus domestic lumber -A research report analyzing various road-building strategies and their effects on forests

Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests

For the graph you created in Step 4, what type of dose-response curve is this? Hints S-curve without threshold inverted U-curve J-curve S-curve with threshold

S-curve with threshold

_________found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock. hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

Seafloor crust

Which one of the following statements about prescribed burns is true? -Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce. -Prescribed burns typically result in a few people being burned to death each year. -Gopher tortoises and snakes typically climb to escape the dangers of fire. -Deer are very frightened by any sign of fire.

Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce.

Surface layers are removed to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

Strip mining

Used as a sleeping pill for pregnant women; teratogen that now is banned

Thalidomide

According to island biogeography, what is the relationship between an island's distance from the mainland and the number of species present on the island? -The farther an island is from the mainland, the larger the number of species found on the island. -The closer an island is to the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island; and the farther an island is from the mainland, the larger the number of species found on the island. -The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island. -There is no relationship between the distance from the mainland and the number of species found on an island. -The closer an island is to the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island.

The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island.

When it comes to land management, Idaho is similar to Utah. Which of the following is true? Private landowners control the majority of land in Idaho. The state government controls the majority of land in Idaho. American Indian tribes control the majority of land in Idaho. The federal government controls the majority of land in Idaho.

The federal government controls the majority of land in Idaho.

What sorts of limitations are placed upon national wildlife refuges? -The refuges are open for hunting, fishing, education, and other public uses. -The refuges are preserves that are off limits to all public uses. -The refuges are open from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. only for educational purposes. -The refuges are public lands with no restrictions for use whatsoever.

The refuges are open for hunting, fishing, education, and other public uses.

Assume that the scales for graphs (a) and (b) are identical. Compare the graphs. Which of the following statements is true? -The toxicant shown in (b) has a higher toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a). -The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a). -Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (a) shows a higher dose than graph (b). -Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (b) shows a higher dose than graph (a). -The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower LD50 compared to the toxicant shown in (a).

The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a).

How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield? Hints -They raise the average temperature so that enzymes work faster and growth is greater. -When they use up the resource in the area they manage, they move on to a fresh area. -They supplement the available natural food with processed, high-nutrient feed. -They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.

They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.

Which of the following is true regarding giant sequoias? -They need fire and large amounts of water. -They need fire, but not much water. -They do not need fire, but do need large amounts of water. -They do not need fire or much water.

They need fire and large amounts of water.

Which of the following is true? Tourism from all world countries is a large part of the Cuban economy. Tourism from Americans is a large part of the Cuban economy. Tourism from countries except the U.S. is a large part of the Cuban economy. Tourism is banned in Cuba.

Tourism from countries except the U.S. is a large part of the Cuban economy.

You live in a community with lead pipes, but the water always tests free of lead. Which of the following is your water provider most likely doing? Treating the water with a chemical. Heating the water. Treating the water with UV radiation. Using a special water filter.

Treating the water with a chemical.

Assume you know that people drinking the groundwater would be exposed to concentrations of this contaminant less than 0.05 microgram per Kg. Which of the following statements represents the best judgment of the risks of this exposure? Greater than 90% of individuals can be expected to experience toxic effects at this level of exposure. Roughly 1% of individuals can be expected to experience toxic effects at this level of exposure. Twenty percent or more of individuals can be expected to experience toxic effects at this level of exposure.

Twenty percent or more of individuals can be expected to experience toxic effects at this level of exposure.

Issues global forest assessment based on remote sensing data -Nature conservancy -world heritage sites -U.S. forest service -UN Food and Agriculture Organization -National Park Service -Wilderness areas

UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Why do urbanized societies need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land? Hints -Uninhabited and undeveloped lands provide natural resources that, in turn, provide the ecosystem services and the psychological relief needed to support urban populations. -Uninhabited and undeveloped lands are saved so that we can develop them in the future. -Uninhabited and undeveloped lands are set aside to provide space for future generations as populations grow. -We need to preserve them to extract resources in the future.

Uninhabited and undeveloped lands provide natural resources that, in turn, provide the ecosystem services and the psychological relief needed to support urban populations.

A population of birds is found on a remote island. Which of the following information is most important in deciding if the birds all belong to a single species? -That they share many physical characteristics. -Whether the matings produce viable eggs or offspring of some matings are sterile. -That the males all sing very similar songs. -That all the birds appear to eat the same range of food. -Whether they can breed with one another.

Whether the matings produce viable eggs or offspring of some matings are sterile.

Federal lands protected from development but open to camping and nature study -Nature conservancy -world heritage sites -U.S. forest service -UN Food and Agriculture Organization -National Park Service -Wilderness areas

Wilderness areas

Internationally managed sites of cultural and natural importance -Nature conservancy -world heritage sites -U.S. forest service -UN Food and Agriculture Organization -National Park Service -Wilderness areas

World Heritage Sites

Which of the following areas would experience the most devastation after an earthquake? Hints a marsh-like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city a city built with strict codes in place to allow for flexible buildings a city built on a thick bed of stone a city that has invested in strengthening structural components in older buildings

a marsh-like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city

What is a lemur? -a primate only found on Madagascar -a poisonous snake found only on Madagascar -a type of orchid found only on Madagascar -a type of tree found only on Madagascar -a type of cuckoo found only on Madagascar

a primate only found on madagascar

Which of the following best describes an umbrella species? Hints -a species that, if removed, will cause the community to collapse and be reduced in its biodiversity -a species, such as a large oak tree, that protects the soil beneath it from heavy downpours and prevents erosion -a species whose protection will result in the protection of a large number of species that require the same habitat -a particularly showy species that people will want to protect because it is so attractive

a species whose protection will result in the protection of a large number of species that require the same habitat

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________. chlorinated pesticides acid drainage radon gas suspended limestone particles eutrophication

acid drainage

Mr. Smith has been hired to manage a swath of land owned by a private company. His goal is to manage the forest in the most sustainable way while still using the land and making a profit. At first, he manages the land using the concept of maximum sustainable yield. After a few years he realizes that ecosystem-based management is more appropriate for this particular swath of land. Mr. Smith is using __________. Hints primary-secondary management single-use management timber famine adaptive management

adaptive management

The development of pharmaceutical products has been __________. Hints -attacked by majority of groups and people trying to protect endangered species -aided by protection of ecosystem diversity -focused exclusively on creating new chemicals in the lab -successful despite the lack of useful drugs coming from natural sources

aided by protection of ecosystem diversity

Which of these leads to uncertainty in our ability to predict how long a mineral resource will last? Hints changes in product technologies that use minerals development of new extraction technologies changing rates of mineral recycling all of the above

all of the above

Electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of discarded cell phones, computers, and other electronic products and is increasing rapidly. Recycling e-waste is essential because ________. recycling of e-waste reduces the need to extract new deposits of metals and other components recycling conserves valuable metals present in e-waste, such as copper, gold, tantalum, and iridium recycling helps reduce the amounts of hazardous substances in landfills, because e-wastes contain a number of these substances recycling of e-wastes at present only captures a small fraction of the e-waste produced all of the above are correct

all of the above are correct

Although it is not harmful, when compound D is inhaled, it activates the body's defenses in a small percentage of people, causing respiratory problems. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

allergen

Which term describes a type of toxicant that overactivates the immune system? Hints neurotoxin allergen DDT endocrine disruptor

allergen

Earthquakes are likely to occur ________. in areas far from tectonic plate boundaries at the boundaries of igneous and sedimentary rock where the mantle and the crust make contact as a result of volcanic activity along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement

along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement

Assume the toxic effect observed is decreased egg production in females. Given this information and the shape of the curve, what type of toxin is this likely to be? Hints a neurotoxin a teratogen a carcinogen an endocrine disruptor

an endocrine disruptor

On average, it appears that over the past 25 years, improved air quality in the United States has resulted in __________ in the lifespan of the average individual. Hints an increase of about two and one-half years an increase of about five months a slight decrease an increase of one to two days

an increase of about five months

European rabbits were introduced into Australia and quickly spread, reproduced, and became a terrible pest. They eat up to $600 million worth of food and pasture crops annually, and have damaged the populations of many native plants and the populations of animals that eat the plants. Twice in the past 50 years, rabbit diseases have been introduced to try to control the population, with some success. This is a case where ________. -climate change has decreased the genetic diversity of indigenous species -habitat alteration resulted in decreased biodiversity -an extirpation has occurred -an invasive species has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species -an invasive species has caused overharvesting

an invasive species has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species

According to the island biogeography theory, given islands of the same size, which would host the greatest amount of biodiversity? Hints an island just off the mainland an island 50 miles off the mainland an island 100 miles off the mainland an island 1000 miles off the mainland

an island just off the mainland

The IUCN's Red List is ________. -a scorecard of international failures at conservation -a list of unidentified species -a list of ecologically damaged ecosystems -an identification list of known species -an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction

an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction

Second-growth forests ________. -are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area -in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska -are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago -are forests whose timber has second-rate value -are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging

are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area

Wilderness areas ________. -are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation -were set up under the wise-use movement of the 1980s and 1990s -are biosphere reserves managed by UNESCO -allow hunting as long as proper permits are acquired -were set up under the administration of George W. Bush in the early 2000s

are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation

Figures such as these ________. -are used by scientists in epidemiological assessment of a toxicant's effect -are used by scientists in risk assessment -allow scientists to determine the exact quantity of a toxicant that will harm humans -represent typical dose-response curves for endocrine disruptors -are used to report the effects of a toxicant on wildlife populations

are used by scientists in risk assessment

Paper parks are ________. -areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding -land trust areas where timber harvesting is permitted -portions of the national parks where timber harvesting is permitted -parks established where timber harvesters formerly harvested wood for paper mills -portions of the wilderness areas where timber harvesting is permitted

areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding

Toxicant used as a flame retardant and insulator; carcinogen and scars the lungs when inhaled

asbestos

This bar graph tells us that ________. -metals are renewable resources -all the metals will be available at current prices for between 100-400 years -if consumption rates on all metals rise, the price should come down -at current rates of consumption, most metals will become scarcer and costlier -using current technology, the prices of lead and zinc will decline in the next century

at current rates of consumption, most metals will become scarcer and costlier

Where do large-scale strike-slip faults, which cut through the entire lithosphere, occur? Hints at convergent plate boundaries at divergent plate boundaries at tactile plate boundaries at transform plate boundaries

at transform plate boundaries

The number of species of amphibians and reptiles on Caribbean islands is highly correlated with the size of the islands. Which of the following countries, then, should have the fewest number of species? Barbados Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Jamaica Cuba

barbados

A scientist plans to further investigate the impact of organic farming on biodiversity. Which groups of organisms should the scientist select? Beetles and other arthropods Soil microbes and plants Birds and mammals Spiders

beetles and other anthropods

Besides island size, island distance to the mainland is a predictor of species diversity. Which of the following islands lies furthest from a continental landmass? Grenada Montserrat Cayman Bermuda Martinique

bermuda

The Caribbean Islands are a biodiversity hotspot. They consist mainly of three large groups of islands between North and South America. Which of the following is NOT one of these three major groups of islands? Bahamas Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Bermuda None of the choices listed is correct.

bermuda

In a grassy pine savannah, a longer interval between prescribed burns typically leads to _____. less-intense fires the elimination of woody species bigger woody species the elimination of grasses

bigger woody species

Mercury is not readily excreted; it is stored in mammalian body tissues. This is best described as ________. toxification bioaccumulation biomagnification distillation synergism

bioaccumulation

_____ is the increase in pesticide concentration as the pesticides pass up a food chain. Eutrophication Biodiversity The greenhouse effect Precipitation Biological magnification

biological magnification

The connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life genetic diversity extinction umbrella species hotspot biophilia speciation

biophilia

____________ is defined as the variety of life across all levels of biological organization

biosiversity

The city in which you reside is home to the four major species of ash trees. Which of the following is likely to fair the best if the emerald ash borer makes its way to your community? white ash black ash green ash blue ash

blue ash

Most of the world's forests are __________. boreal forests tropical rainforests temperate rainforests tropical dry forests

boreal forests

Much of the original forest cover on Madagascar has been destroyed primarily as a result of _____. -the building of malls -pollution from automobile emissions -the building of tract housing -burning for agricultural purposes industrial activity

burning for agricultural purposes

Is this statement supported or not supported by the data on the graph? As global warming causes sea surface temperatures to increase in the future, the incidence of cholera in Bangladesh will also increase. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

cannot be determined from the graph

People in a city are exposed, over a long period of time, to high levels of compound F that has entered their water supply from a nearby landfill. Residents of the city experience elevated rates of stomach and intestinal cancers over the next 30 years. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

carcinogen

Which of the following harvesting methods is the most cost-efficient but has the greatest ecological impacts? Hints clear-cutting the seed-tree approach the shelterwood approach the uneven approach

clear-cutting

Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________. coltan organic soils for landscaping oil sands coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold limestone, natural gas, peat

coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold

In general, successfully introduced non-native species experience ________. -increases in limiting factors -competitive success against native species -increased competition from other organisms -decreased biotic potential -increased environmental resistance

competitive success against native species

Australia is composed of relatively old and thick __________ hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

continental crust.

Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains? Hints -convergent plate boundaries -transform plate boundaries -tactile plate boundaries -divergent plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

Which of the following correctly represents the basic layers of Earth from the innermost to the outermost? Hints crust, mantle, core crust, core, mantle core, mantle, crust core, crust, mantle

core, mantle, crust

Which of the following describes the greatest health risk posed by air pollution? Air pollutants __________. Hints stick to the skin and cause skin cancer prevent the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract damage blood vessels in human lungs clog up the liver and impede proper liver function

damage blood vessels in human lungs

What is the greatest contributing factor in the loss of polar bears in arctic areas? -The tundra shifting northward -Hunting of the polar bear by the Inuit people -Fires in the taiga and tundra -The decline of lemmings; the primary food of the polar bear -Decline in sea ice

decline in sea ice

Loss of aesthetic and spiritual ties with nature would be less if we ________. -do nothing to slow global climate change -increased the rate of harvesting economically important species -had more per capita consumption -accelerated globalization -decreased the rate of habitat alteration and destruction

decreased the rate of habitat alteration and destruction

Many forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations at the position named in the question above because it ________. -represents the point just before dieback of the population -best protects predators -delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield -represents the carrying capacity -best protects habitat

delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield

Which of the following people would be most likely to support the creation of National Monuments in the United States? A Republican representative Democratic senator CEO of Shell Oil A rancher

democratic senator

At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust. subvergent convergent trench transform divergent

divergent

The amount of a toxic substance to which an organism is exposed is the_______ threshold dose LD50 ED50 response

dose

Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in agricultural environments, is called pesticide ________. leaching globalization run-off transposition drift

drift

Pharmaceuticals produced from wild species generate up to $150 billion in sales and save many lives each year. This is an example of __________. ecosystem services conservation genetics HMO services drug trafficking

ecosystem services

__________ provide(s) a benefit to humans free of charge. Hints Ecosystem resilience Conservation Ecosystem services Biophilia

ecosystem services

Tantalum from African coltan is used primarily for the manufacture of ________. aerospace engines and aircraft hulls electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras pesticides, fertilizers and biodiesel fuel plastics high quality steel

electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras

The graph in (c) is one type that may occur when a test animal is exposed to a(n) ________. fungicide solvent insecticide household cleaner endocrine disruptor

endocrine disruptor

The arrow at the top right of the graph represents the ________. -point of slowest growth -point of fastest growth -equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths -point of maximum sustainable yield -extinction point

equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths

What would one call trees planted in a stand at the same time? Hints step-laddered uneven aged even aged terraced

even aged

The bar graph indicates that all of the metals shown will ________. all be available for at least 500 more years become less expensive to extract over time be easily replaced by other metals never be exhausted eventually no longer be available, even with current technological capabilities

eventually no longer be available, even with current technological capabilities

The loss of species from the planet match terms: genetic diversity extinction umbrella species hotspot biophilia speciation

extinction

______occurs when the last individual of a given species dies, and the species ceases to exist.

extinction

When a species disappears from an area it once occupied, but the species still exists elsewhere, this is called______

extirpation

__________ is the term we use when a population disappears from a given area but not globally. Hints Intinction Extirpation Extinction Mass extinction

extirpation

The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a________ hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

fault

"Edge effects" are a particular problem when ________. -preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape -trying to manage and protect island biodiversity -forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change -formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments -wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes

formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments

One of the most severe consequences of habitat degradation is the _____ of a population. magnification eutrophication fragmentation fossilization precipitation

fragmentation

populations with very little____________________ are vulnerable to environmental change because they may lack the ability to adapt to different conditions

genetic diversity

Biodiversity is the diversity of life at what level(s) of biological organization? Hints -species, ecosystem, and biosphere levels -genetic, species, ecosystem, and biosphere levels -genetic, species, and ecosystem levels -species and ecosystem levels

genetic, species, and ecosystem levels

s with other oceanic islands, land mammals of Jamaica are made up almost entirely of bats. Jamaica belongs to this island chain. Leeward Islands Lesser Antilles Windward Islands Aleutian Islands Greater Antilles

greater antilles

A sink habitat is where a subpopulation's death rate is _____. -equal to its reproductive rate -greater than its reproductive rate -less than its reproductive rate at its lowest -either equal to its reproductive rate -or less than its reproductive rate

greater than its reproductive rate

Global biodiversity exists in a number of patterns. The largest and most obvious of these is that biodiversity is __________. Hints -greatest at the equator and drops as you move farther north or south -higher at the start of a river than at its end -greatest at high elevations but drops as you descend -distributed evenly across Earth's surface

greatest at the equator and drops as you move farther north or south

If a conservation biologist wanted to try to stop the largest cause of species extinction, what should he or she focus on? Hints hunting water loss and water pollution habitat destruction introduced species

habitat destruction

The greatest cause of the worldwide loss of species is ________. anthropogenic activities water pollution habitat destruction air pollution decreased soil nutrients

habitat destruction

__________ is the gradual piecemeal degradation of an area by such activities as logging and road building. Hints Habitat fragmentation Habitat decimation Overharvesting Habitat dismemberment

habitat fragmentation

Which of the following is an example of the single greatest cause of species extinction? Hints -heavy metal runoff from a manufacturing plant -introducing rats, cats, and snakes to islands -habitat fragmentation caused by building a road through a forest -overfishing of ocean fish

habitat fragmentation caused by building a road through a forest

The wood thrush makes its nest in woodlands in the northern and eastern United States. As patches of woods become smaller, increasing numbers of wood thrush nests have eggs laid in them by the brown-headed cowbird. Cowbirds live in open fields and are nest parasites; the female cowbird flies up to an unattended nest, quickly lays an egg in another bird's nest, and leaves the host parents to raise their "adopted" young. Wood thrushes are decreasing in numbers because ________. -overharvesting in the open fields has driven the cowbirds into the woodlands -cowbirds are an invasive species that is rapidly increasing -habitat fragmentation makes it easier for cowbird parasitism to occur -pollution of the open fields has caused a change in cowbird behavior -climate change is reducing nest site availability

habitat fragmentation makes it easier for cowbird parasitism to occur

What value of LD50 indicates low toxicity? Hints low 10% 100% high

high

Based on the health problems of Puget Sound killer whales, we would expect to find __________. Hints -scars on the sides of killer whales from boat propellers and collisions with watercraft -very low nutritional value in the algae and kelp in the Puget Sound region -high levels of lead in the stomachs of killer whales -high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in salmon in the Puget Sound

high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in salmon in the Puget Sound

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a_____ hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

hot spot

An area that supports an especially great diversity of endemic species genetic diversity extinction umbrella species hotspot biophilia speciation (end of chapter 8)

hotspot

whales are being harvested illegally and their meat sold in markets in japan observation question hypothesis prediction test

hypothesis

Volcanoes are created when lava cools and accumulates over time. What type of rock are volcanoes made of? Hints sedimentary rock Granite igneous rock metamorphic rock

igneous rock

When magma or lava cools, the result is ________. metamorphic rock subduction the formation of minerals weathering and deposition igneous rock

igneous rock

Of the following, ________ can change local species diversity but not global species diversity. immigration and extirpation speciation and immigration speciation and extinction emigration and extinction extirpation and extinction

immigration and extirpation

Most forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations ________ of the pictured curve. to the right at the top to the left at the bottom in the middle

in the middle

What does the red graph line represent? time, in four-year intervals sea surface temperature incidence of cholera cholera mortality rate

incidence of cholera

A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons except ________. -introduction of a species that competed for food resources -inbreeding -habitat destruction by humans climate change -increased genetic diversity within the species

increased genetic diversity within the species

The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes ________. -increased transitional areas -major changes in local climate -increased buffer zones -increased habitat fragmentation and alteration -increased genetic diversity

increased habitat fragmentation and alteration

Ecotourism ________. -increases biodiversity by introducing new, rare species -is a reasonable option only in impoverished countries -increases biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed -decreases biodiversity by selling souvenir organisms -decreases biodiversity by causing increased speciation in environmentally sensitive areas

increases biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed

The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates ________. industrial chemicals pesticides cosmetics drugs food additives

industrial chemicals

Being interested in native butterflies, you include the native caterpillar host plants of several butterflies in your annual landscape design. You are happy to see that caterpillars and butterflies appear in your yard. However, the butterflies tend to disperse out of our yard. To keep the butterflies in your garden, an urban wildlife specialist suggests you ________. -ask the neighbors to refrain from planting "butterfly plants" in their yards -introduce native flowering plants the adult butterflies need for nectar, their main food -use pesticides to kill off predators -place pans of honey solution around your yard to feed the butterflies -try to introduce predators of the butterflies

introduce native flowering plants the adult butterflies need for nectar, their main food

Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, even in areas where they do not occur naturally. When people buy 10 of them and don't use them all, they often dump the remainder into the lake or river. This is an example of ________. -extirpation -habitat destruction -inbreeding -introduced species -overharvesting of species from the wild

introduced species

Biodiversity enhances human food security because it ________. -means that there is genetic uniformity -increases the number of available pathogens -reduces the number of pollinators available to any one plant species -is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods -decreases the number of predators

is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods

A fire hits an old forest with large, old trees. A large section of the forest is burnt down. Over many years, new, immature trees replace the old ones. How can the new area be characterized? Hints It is a secondary forest. It is an old-growth forest. It is a primary forest. It is a savanna.

it is a secondary forest

Conservation biology is different from other fields of science discussed in the book because __________. -it is based only on computer simulations and ignores real-world data -conservation biologists ignore the scientific method -it is an applied and goal-oriented science, with implicit values and ethical standards -even when the evidence does not support a hypothesis, conservation biologists continue to test that hypothesis until they find evidence to support it

it is an applied and goal-oriented science, with implicit values and ethical standards

Which of the following U.S. states would be least likely to be affected by a tsunami? Hints Rhode Island Massachusetts Kansas California

kansas

Removal of ________ will always result in the greatest changes in an ecological system. a keystone species a competitive species a producer species a carnivore species a decomposer species

keystone species

You are an entomologist with a plan to stop the emerald ash borer at its most ecologically damaging stage. What are you targeting? larvae adult females adult males eggs

larvae

Toxicant present in paint; damages the brain, liver, kidney, and stomach when ingested

lead

Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________. -are the most cost efficient in the short term -have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems -leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests -are ecologically harmless -are very popular with timber companies

leave speed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests

Which of the following is a result of the prescribed burning of an open and grassy pine savannah? fewer grasses a mature hardwood forest less-intense natural wildfires more species of hardwood plants

less-intense natural wildfires

The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed __________. tectonic plates lithification igneous rock formation mineralization

lithification

Strip mining, subsurface mining, and solution mining all take place in which "sphere" of the planet? Lithosphere Atmosphere Magnetosphere Hydrosphere

lithosphere

More greenhouse gas emissions will indirectly lead to ________. -an increase in invasive species -globalization -loss of ecosystem services -human population growth -overharvesting

loss of ecosystem services

In addition to the butterfly project, you decide to stop spraying the pesticides that control lawn pests. Over the next year, you notice that the lawn grass doesn't grow as well, but many other species of plants invade the lawn, many of them native species. This will result in all of the following, except ________. -an increase in bird species in your yard -an increase in pollinating insects visiting your lawn and gardens -lower survival rates for the caterpillars and butterflies -an increase in herbivorous insects and the small predators that eat them -competition between the lawn grass and the new species that invade the area

lower survival rates for the caterpillars and butterflies

Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except ________. gonadal abnormalities low birth rates lung cancer male feminization thyroid hormone abnormalities

lung cancer

Which of these materials is NOT currently mined from the ocean floor? Hints manganese nodules Silica Sand Sulfur

manganese nodules

What is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity? Hints Flooding mass wasting Earthquake Tsunami

mass wasting

If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________. metal radioactive element crystal gemstone element

metal

A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________. rock organic nutrient sediment horizon mineral

mineral

There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________. -more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same -these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America -these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges -more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada -these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here

more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada

Mineral extraction by removing 100 vertical meters from hill and mountain tops open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

mountaintop removal mining

If the Sky Islands become warmer and drier, the species that live at lower elevation will ________. -create a helpful buffer zone between themselves and the "sky island" species -move even farther down the slopes -strengthen the biodiversity of the islands by adding many new species -become extinct -move into and dominate the altered sky islands

move into and dominate the altered sky islands

From your experiences with the lawn and the butterfly garden, you can affirm that ________. -pesticides need to be used to maintain a diversity of native species -native plant landscaping can be done so that no predators or parasites are present -once natural habitats are altered or destroyed they can never be restored, even in part -native plants are more likely to support local herbivorous animals than are exotic plant species -higher biodiversity of plants means a lower biodiversity of animals

native plants are more likely to support local herbivorous animals than are exotic plant species

In order to meet new standards, coal fired power plants in Kentucky are most likely to switch to which of the following fuels? natural gas corn-based ethanol oil wood

natural gas

Infectious disease accounts for ________% of deaths globally. nearly 25 30 40 less than 1 almost 50

nearly 25

Chronic exposure to high levels of compound E in rabbits slows their reaction speeds, increasing their risk of being eaten by a predator. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

neurotoxin

Factory workers exposed to elevated levels of compound B experience uncontrollable twitching and problems coordinating their movements. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

neurotoxin

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent boundary that bisects the entire Atlantic Ocean. What is produced at this and other mid-ocean ridges? Hints new oceanic crust water coal oil

new oceanic crust

If Lower Michigan has another severe winter, what effect will it most likely have on the emerald ash borer? Their population will decrease by about 50%. They will all be killed off. No effect. Their population will decrease by about 25%.

no effect

Properties of toxicants likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation are ________. non-biodegradable, lipid-soluble biodegradable, water soluble gases carried by pesticide drift carcinogens and mutagens nitrogen and sulfur compounds

non-biodegradable, lipid-soluble

Species richness is the __________. Hints -extent to which species in an area differ in number of individuals -number of species in an area -value of a species to humans -number of species in a taxonomic group (e.g., phylum)

number of species in an area

the availability of whale meat in Japanese markets exceeds that expected from the reported legal captures of whales. observation question hypothesis prediction test

observation

When a species declines in number, it also __________. Hints -gets taken off of the Red List -occupies less area than it once did -spreads out and occupies more area than it once did -increases its biodiversity

occupies less area than it once did

Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within ________. ores organic materials sediments the O horizon of the soil igneous rocks

ores

Which of the following does NOT define a mineral? Hints specific chemical composition Solid organic compound crystal structure

organic compound

Another conclusion drawn from the bar graph is that ________. -known global reserves are increasing to keep pace with consumption -we are using metals sustainably at present -after 400 years all the metals shown will have entirely disappeared from the earth -our collective use of metal resources is presently unsustainable -neither recycling, reducing consumption, nor finding alternative materials will keep prices from rising

our collective use of metal resources is presently unsustainable

Which of the following is currently the largest environmental problem in Cuba? use of fossil fuels industrial waste disposal air pollution overfishing

overfishing

The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of ________. -the results of an invasive species -the problems with monoculture -habitat alteration -the effects of pollution -overharvesting

overharvesting

Toxicants that interrupt essential biochemical processes in organisms by blocking one or steps in important biochemical reactions are known as ________. pathway inhibitors mutagens carcinogens insecticides neurotoxins

pathway inhibitors

What does the y-axis show? -total area occupied by a forest stage, in square miles -time, in 50-year intervals -relative frequency of forest fires between 1700 and 1988 -percentage of landscape occupied by a forest stage

percentage of landscape occupied by a forest stage

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the environmental problems associated with ________. deforestation overpopulation pesticide toxicity aquifer depletion loss of biodiversity

pesticide toxicity

Sifting through sand and silt in riverbeds for minerals using a sluice with running water open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

placer mining

Wildlife in the Serengeti is currently threatened by ________. -an overabundance of elephants -pollution from a nearby coal power plant -an invasive fish that has been introduced into the major river that flows through the park -plans to legalize hunting of most of the large animal species in the park -plans to build a highway that passes through the park

plans to build a highway that passes through the park

or which group of organisms is evidence of positive effects the strongest? Birds and mammals Beetles Soil microbes Plants

plants

What is the second greatest cause of decline for threatened species? pollution disease habitat loss fires

pollution

if whales are being illegally harvested, reported whale captures will be far lower than the number of captures predicted by genetic analyses of whale meat in markets observation question hypothesis prediction test

prediction

Under the Antiquities Act of 1906, which of the following would be allowed to designate 1.6 million acres of federal land in Wyoming as a National Monument? Wyoming Congress President of United States Wyoming Governor United States Congress

president of united states

In an open and grassy pine savannah, fires _____. prevent the development of a hardwood forest prevent the growth of grasses prevent the growth of trees leave the soil barren and without life

prevent the development of a hardwood forest

Land trusts are ________. private nonprofit groups corporations federal government entities state government entities municipal government entities

private nonprofit groups

Risk is determined using the statistical description called __________, which helps us to determine the likelihood of a certain event occurring. Hints LD50 the median stato-risk probability

probability

If the Sky Islands become rapidly warmer and drier, the endemic species there will ________. -successfully adapt to changing conditions -be forced to interbreed with other species to preserve genetic diversity -move down the mountain slopes and displace species living at lower elevations -probably suffer a high extinction rate -move farther into the core area of the "sky island"

probably suffer a high extinction rate

What are corridors? -tunnels that allow animals to travel through mountains -protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat -covered walkways built by the park service -a part of a biosphere reserve

protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat

The diversity and abundance of Anolis lizards is remarkable in the Caribbean. Similar species have arisen independently on each of the Greater Antilles: Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and __________. Puerto Rico Trinidad Barbados Grenada Bonaire

puerto rico

Which one of the following is an ecosystem service? Hints captive breeding programs purification of water protection of endangered species forensics

purification of water

-Where is the whale meat being sold in Japanese markets coming from? observation question hypothesis prediction test

question

Restoration of mined areas to pre-mining conditions open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

reclamation

The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________. -recycle existing supplies -increase demand for the products in which they are used -relax environmental requirements for mining -reduce demands for social and economic justice -scour the earth for new deposits

recycle existing supplies

You also decide to greatly reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers you use in your landscape and rely more on mulching and composting. This will benefit your yard "ecosystem" by ________. -decreasing the number of predatory animals and insects -reducing nutrient pollution in nearby areas and increasing soil organisms' biodiversity -decreasing the plant biodiversity of the yard -increasing the populations of butterflies -making habitats for pollinators

reducing nutrient pollution in nearby areas and increasing soil organisms' biodiversity

Which regions of the world tend to have the greatest species richness? Hints -warm, desert-like regions -Species richness varies randomly across the globe, and no areas are particularly high in species richness compared to other areas. -areas high in mountains, where humans have not impacted the environment -regions near the equator

regions near the equator

What component of weather is watched most closely when determining when to conduct a prescribed burn? angle of the sun barometric pressure temperature the night before a burn relative humidity

relative humidity

Clear-cutting ________. -involves elimination of subsidies to farmers -is harvesting trees from coastal areas only -restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops -removes all trees from an area -is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations

removes all trees from an area

The______ is the adverse effects an organism experience s when exposed to a toxic substance. threshold dose LD50 ED50 response

response

What does the left y-axis show? -sea surface temperature anomaly, in degrees Celsius -incidence of cholera, as a percentage of the normal rate -sea surface temperature anomaly, in degrees Fahrenheit -time, in four-year intervals -sea surface temperature, in degrees Celsius

sea surface temperature anomaly, in degrees Celsius

The slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to _______ hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

seafloor spreading.

With very few exceptions, what sort of forest is in the United States? Hints primary forests secondary forests tertiary forests quaternary forests

secondary forests

Layered ________ exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States. hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

sedimentary rock

Which of the following types of organisms would most likely be found in the understory of a forest? Hints epiphytes birds of prey small trees, mosses, and epiphytes earthworms

small trees, mosses, and epiphytes

What is the cause of the red color of the waters about Madagascar? -dinoflagellates -a persistent red tide -the high concentration of iron found in these waters -soil that has washed into the ocean -red algae

soil that has washed into the ocean

Dissolves and extracts resources via a narrow borehole open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

solution mining

A population differentiating, over time, into a new species genetic diversity extinction umbrella species hotspot biophilia speciation

speciation

Of the following, ________ can change global species diversity. speciation and immigration immigration and extirpation emigration and extinction extirpation and extinction speciation and extinction

speciation and extinction

A _______ is a distinct type of organism, a set of individuals that uniquely share certain characteristics and can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.

species

The number or variety of species in a given region is called_________

species diversity

This mining technique is utilized to get at shallow, horizontal deposits of minerals close to the surface. Hints strip mining solution mining placer mining subsurface mining

strip mining

Which type of mining generates "overburden" as a byproduct of the mining process? Hints subsurface mining solution mining strip mining placer mining

strip mining

Coal mining involves which two of the following mining techniques? subsurface mining and placer mining solution mining and subsurface mining strip mining and placer mining strip mining and subsurface mining

strip mining and subsurface mining

The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of _________ hot spot sedimentary rock fault subduction continental crust seafloor spreading seafloor crust

subduction

Tunneling deep underground to extract minerals open pit mining placer mining strip mining solution mining mountaintop removal mining subsurface mining reclamation

subsurface mining

Between 1700 and 1985, the dominant forest stage on the Yellowstone Plateau progressed from establishment stage to old-growth forest, in a pattern typical of secondary succession. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

supported

Earth's mantle ________. -is located in Pangaea -surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation -is composed of molten metals -is formed by plate boundaries -is the outermost part of the earth's crust

surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation

Which of the following phrases best describes the goals behind the resource management strategies? Hints -maintenance of species diversity in ecosystems -preservation of natural areas -sustainable use of natural resources -soil conservation

sustainable use of natural resources

A human embryo exposed to compound G in the womb experiences an increased probability of being born with more than 10 fingers or toes. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

teratogen or endocrine disruptor

Exposure to compound A at critical points in development causes female fish to develop male-like characteristics, rendering them infertile. carcinogen neurotoxin teratogen or endocrine disruptor allergen

teratogen or endocrine disruptor

Nicotine and alcohol have been shown to be harmful to a fetus in the womb in that they can lead to birth defects. Nicotine and alcohol are, therefore, potential __________. allergens endocrine systems teratogens hormones

teratogens

________ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects. Neurotoxins Allergens Teratogens Carcinogens Vectors

teratogens

scientists subject whale meat to genetic analaysis to determine..... observation question hypothesis prediction test

test

Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________. -that have heavy recreational use to warn people about the dangers of fires -plagued with insects as a cheaper alternative to pesticides -where there high densities of endangered species, such as tropical rain forests -to convert primary forests into secondary forests -that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

Fertilizer runoff can result in _____ a lake. -the eutrophication of -the ozonation of -the creation of source habitats for fish within -the irrigation of -an increase in the biodiversity of

the eutrophication of

Minerals are components of ________. sedimentary rocks organic components of Earth's crust the troposphere the lithosphere soil horizons

the lithosphere

The number of species on an island remains relatively constant when _____. -none of these occur -the rate of successful colonization is greater than the extinction rate -species richness increases -the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate -the rate of successful colonization is less than the extinction rate

the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging? -They are desperate for economic development. -There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource. -Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government. -Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens. -No ancient forests remain in developing nations.

they are desperate for economic development

Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________. -shrubs and other ground cover plants are absent -they are frequently burned -in the early stages of recovering from logging -they are frequently logged using clear-cutting -they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy

they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy

What does the red graph line represent? thinning stage old-growth stage establishment stage transition stage

thinning stage

A migratory bat species pollinates agave plants in northern Mexico on its way to the southwestern United States where it spends the summer eating insects and reproducing. Farmers spraying pesticides affect these bats, which eat the insects and also feed them to the baby bats. This could be the start of a story about ________. an extirpation insect biodiversity threats to a keystone species sustainable agriculture an umbrella species

threats to a keystone species

Some toxic substances elicit effects only when they overwhelm the body defenses above a(n)________dose threshold dose LD50 ED50 response

threshold

The species most often vulnerable to human impact is the ________. keystone species decomposer top predator competitive species producer

top pedator

What is the process in which forest plants release water back into the atmosphere? Hints transpiration deforestation snag clear-cutting

transpiration

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________. tree ring scars the density of vegetation ambient air temperature soil chemistry charcoal in the soil

tree ring scars

Currently, what sorts of forests are being lost more rapidly than others? Hints tropical rainforests temperate rainforests boreal forests city forests

tropical rainforests

Most biodiversity hot spots are in the _____. Arctic coniferous forests deserts grasslands tropics

tropics

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters? Hints mass wasting Tsunamis Lahars Tornadoes

tsunamis

Protected animals, such as tigers, that need large amounts of land genetic diversity extinction umbrella species hotspot biophilia speciation

umbrella species

You visit Arenal Volcano National Park while on a trip to Costa Rica. Who do you have to thank for originally initiating the concept of the National Park? Australia England United States Sweden

united states

An organism, such as a mosquito, that transmits a disease-causing organism to a host is called a ________. vehicle fungus bacterium vector virus

vector

If a significant amount of extrusive igneous rock is found in an area, one would expect to also find evidence of _________ in the area. Flooding Volcanoes Geysers Tornadoes

volcanoes

Velvet grass, an invasive plant, has been found in Yosemite National Park. Who is most likely to remove it? volunteers AmeriCorps members a group of park rangers janitorial staff

volunteers

The National Forest Management Act ________ national forest land. -was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of -was passed by the Bush administration in 2004 to loosen environmental protections and restricting public oversight of -offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on -directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in -was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on

was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of

The UNFAO has demonstrated that forest loss has slowed but ________. -to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation -there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040 -we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr -all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear-cutting -deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting

we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr

Which of the following types of species would be most vulnerable to overharvesting by people? whales rabbits frogs small freshwater fish

whales

When will a population grow most rapidly? Hints when it is at 25% of carrying capacity when it is at 50% of carrying capacity when it is at 75% of carrying capacity when it is at 90% of carrying capacity

when it is at 50% of carrying capacity

Volcanoes are formed ________. after earthquakes have damaged the earth's crust where the earth's crust is especially thick when the earth's core erupts onto the surface as a result of water seeping into the core from the surface in subduction zones or in rift valleys

where the earth's crust is especially thick

What challenge does the concept of SLOSS represent? Hints -whether to pursue primary-growth forests or secondary-growth forests on federally owned lands -whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves -whether to pursue total conversion of land or to fragment it over time -whether to allow for the use of federally owned lands for hunting

whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves

This is the U.S. government designation that provides the most protection from human damage to a public area. Hints national park national forest national wildlife refuge wilderness area

wilderness area

The first national park was ________. General Grant Mount Rainier Sequoia Yosemite Yellowstone

yellowstone

Which of the following can help humans mitigate the negative impact of floods? -damming rivers -banning the requirement for flood insurance -diking rivers -zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones

zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones