Chapter 8

Which five peer statuses have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

Popular Average Neglected Rejected Controversial

_____ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Postconventional

____ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kholberg

Preconventional

School has a ____ influence on children's development

Profound

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers

In terms of development changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same sex peer group increases until the age of

12

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ____ hours in the classroom

12,000

What do friendships in childhood often have in similarity?

Achievement orientations Attitudes toward school Educational aspirations

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ____ during middle and late childhood

Anxiety

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater _____ during middle and late childhood

Anxiety

In a ____ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the nearly formed stepfamily

Blended

The longer children experienced property, according to one study, the more detrimental the property was to their

Cognitive development

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning?

Constructive Direct instruction

According to Kohlberg, people in the ____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the standards of others.

Conventional

_____ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Conventional

During middle and late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. This gradual process produces what is referred to as _____ rather than control by either the child or the parent alone

Coregulation

Peer bullying and harassment on the internet is known as

Cyberbullying

Which type of bullying is a new source of concern?

Cyberbullying

In the ___ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents moral, social environment, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

Domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

Domain theory

While having friends can be fun for children, it is not an important part of their development

False

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

Gender stereotype

Which of the following are criticisms of Kholberg's theory of moral development?

He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior.

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was

Kohlberg

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

Lower levels of anxiety. Lower levels of depression. Lower level of internalized symptoms

According to Kohlberg, development of ____ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development

Moral reasoning

According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by ____ internalization

No

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood?

Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment to moment self regulation

Developmentalists have distinguished five ____ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial

Peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

Peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important

In the postconventional reasoning level, mortality more

Personal

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

Perspective taking

____ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state

Perspective taking

What are the 3 levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Match Kholberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation

Preconventional- moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments Conventional- moral judgements are based on law and social order Postconventional- moral judgements are based on universal human rights

A good strategy is for children to learn to ___ their thoughts, changing their perception of a stressful situation

Reframe

The term ____-_____ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self worth or self image

Self-esteem

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

Setting up to routines and schedules. Monitoring and encouraging academic progress. Structuring the family environment.

Which of the following are the THREE most common types of stepfamily structures?

Stepfather Stepmother Blended

Five year old Billy should like to rough house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender ____

Stereotypes

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low income areas?

They are more likely to encourage rote learning. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores.

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person

True

Adam's teacher didnt say hello to him when they passed in the hallway. adam told himself that his tracher was prob thinking about something and didnt notice him. this is an illustration of:

how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies as they get older

In terms of peer status, the ___ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

In terms of peer status, the ____ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers

popular

Donna perceives herself as a good person she has a high ____________.

self-esteem

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition