Chapter 8

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

false belief that we are accurate because of multiple rehearsals

post-identification feedback effect

increase in confidence due to confirming feedback after making an identification

Advantages of Constructive Memory?

Allows us to "fill in the blanks" Cognition is creative Understand language Solve problems Make decisions

Autobiographical Memory

Memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include episodic and semantic components Multidimensional We remember some events better than others

Reminiscience Bump: Cultural life-script hypothesis

Culturally shared expectations influence recall

What can affect memory of flashbulb events?

Emotion Rehearsal Media Coverage

Reminiscence Bump: Cognitive Hypothesis

Encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability Evidence from those who emigrated to the US after young adulthood indicates reminiscence bump is shifted

Why do people make errors in eyewitness testimony?

Errors associated with perception and attention Misidentifications due to familiarity Errors due to suggestion

Loftus and Palmer(1974)

How fast were the cars going when they ___ each other? "smashed" or "hit" "Smashed assumed it was much faster than those who heard "hit" MPI could be caused by source monitoring error

Memory can be influenced by?

Inferences that people make based on their experiences and knowledge

What is being done about eyewitness testimony errors?

Inform witness perpetrator might not be in lineup "Fillers" used in lineup similar to subject Use sequential presentation(not simultaneous) Improve interviewing techniques

Reminiscence Bump

Participants over the age of 40 asked to recall events in their lives Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (between 10 and 30 years of age)

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly state or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.

Schemas

Loftus and coworkers(1975)

See slides of traffic accident with stop sign The experimenters would say, "didn't pay attention to yield sign." *no such thing as yield sign Introduce MPI: yield sign Participants remember what they heard(yield sign) not what they saw(stop sign)

Why is there such thing as a reminiscence bump? three theories

Self-Image Hypothesis Cognitive Hypothesis Cultural life-script hypothesis

Weapon Focus

Tendency to fous attention on a weapon duing the commision of a crime; causes decrease in memory

Memory

What actually happens + person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Pragmatic Inference

based on knowledge gained through experience

Repeated recall

comparing later memories to memories collected immediately afterward

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as?

cryptomnesia

Memory for Emotional Stimuli

emotional events remembered more easily and vividly

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

it is memory for the circumstances surrouning how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

cognitive interview

let the individual state event uninterrupted without reinforcement recreate crime scene with similar emotions

Flashbulb Memories

memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events Coined by Brown and Kulik

Reminiscence bump: Self-image hypothesis

memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self-image or life identity is being formed

source monitoring error/source misattributions

misidentifying the source of a memory

Misinformation effect:

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person describes the event later Misleading postevent information(MPI)

Script

our conception or the sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience process how you do things

Schemas

person's knowledge about some aspect of the environment static in nature what you expect

source monitoring

process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge or beliefs

Disadvantages of Constructive Memory?

sometimes we make errors sometimes we misattribute the source of information

Eyewitness Testimony

testimony by an eyewitness to a crime what what he or she saw during the crime

Cryptoamnesia

unconcious plagiarism of the work of others

Constructive Nature of Memory

what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus peron's knowledge, experiences, and expectations

Resarch on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.