Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton
Coronoid process (ulna)
"crown-shaped", forms hinge joint with the olecranon process, grip the trochlea of the humerus
Olecranon process (ulna)
"elbow" forms hinge joint with coronoid process; where forearm is fully extended, it locks into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
Trapezoid
"four sided"
Capitate
"head shaped"
Hamate
"hooked"
Trapezium
"little table"
Lunate
"moonlike" articulates with the radius
Ulnar styloid process
"stake-shaped", medial to the ulnar head
Triquetrum
"triangular"
What are the phalanges of the toes? How are they named? What do they articulate with?
14 phalanges, smaller than those of the fingers and less nimble; three phalanges in each digit except the great toe, which has two. (proximal, middle, distal)
What are the metacarpals? How are they named?
5 metacarpals that radiate distally form the wrist to form the metacarpus, numbered 1-5 from thumb to pinky
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
What do metacarpals articulate with?
Bases of metacarpals articulate with the carpals proximally and with each other on their lateral and medial sides. Metacarpal I is the shortest and most mobile
How are the bones of the forearm connected to one another along their length (Hint: how do the heads of each bone line up with one another?) ?
Both articulate with the humerus proximally and the bones of the wrist distally. They articular with each other both proximally and distally at the small radioulnar joints
Describe the clavicles and their location, noting the acromial end and sternal end. What are the functions of the clavicles?
Clavicles- collarbones; extend horizontally across the superior thorax on the anterior surface. Clavicles are a point of attachment for muscles and acts as a brace to hold the scapula and arms out laterally, trasmits compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Cone shaped sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially and flattened acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally.
What is the difference between the true pelvis and the false pelvis? What organs are housed in each one?
False pelvis- superior to pelvic brim and holds abdominal organs True pelvis-inferior to the pelvic brim and contains the pelvic organs
What are the main differences between the male and female pelvis?
Female- childbearing, wider, shallower, lighter, more room in true pelvis to provide room for infant's head for birth
Inferior angle (scapula)
Junction of the medial and lateral border, moves as the arm is raised and lowered
What are the metatarsals? How are they named? What do they articulate with?
Metatarsals are numbered I-V, medial to lateral. Distally, the metatarsals articulate with the proximal phalanges of the toes
What is the patella? What type of bone is it and where is it found?
Patella=kneecap, triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon which secures the quadriceps muscles of the anterior thigh to the tibia
What are the phalanges? How are they named? What subunits are they made of?
Phalanges are the fingers and they are numbered 1-5 beginning the the thumb. Each finger except the thumb has proximal, middle, and distal. (thumb has no middle)
Function of the patella
Protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the quadriceps muscles acting across the knee
Describe the scapulae (shoulder blades) and their location, noting the following features. What is the function of the scapulae?
Scapulae are thin, triangular flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the ribcage between rib 2 superior and rib 7 inferiorly. Functions in protraction, retraction, elevation depression, upward rotation and downward rotation
mneumonic to remember the bones
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle (from thumb to pinky, proximal to distal)
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
The paired hip bones ad sacrum (axial)make up the pelvic girdle
What two bones make up the anatomical leg? What are their locations relative to each other?
Tibia and fibula, tibia is located medially and is more massive. Articulate with each other both superiorly and inferiorly
What connects the tibia and fibula?
Tibiafibular joint, interosseous membrane connects the tibia and fibula along their entire length. Tibia articulates with the femur to form the knee joint and with the talus of ankle
How does the pelvic girdle attach to the axial skeleton?
Via strong ligaments in the body
Greater tubercle (humerus)
along with the lesser tubercle are separated by the intertubercular sulcus
Acromion (scapula)
apex of shoulder, articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle
Head (femur)
articulates with the acetabulum
Head (humerus)
articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Lateral condyle (tibia)
articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur
Medial condyle (tibia)
articulates with the medial condyle of the femur
Capitulum (humerus)
articulates with the radius head; shaped like half a ball
Ulnar head
articulates with the radius, end of the ulna shaft distally
Trochlea of the talus
articulates with the tibia
Talus
articulates with the tibia and fibula
Trochlea (humerus)
articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna; looks like an hourglass on its side
Patellar surface
articultes with the kneecap; separates the two condyles
Lateral malleolus (fibula)
at the inferior end, lateral bulge of the angle and articulates with the talus
Scaphoid
boat shapes, articulates with radius, commonly fractured carpal bone
Navicular
boat-like, medial
What four bones make up the pectoral girdle? Which of these bones attach to the axial skeleton?
clavicle (Attaches to axial skeleton), scapula
Cuboid
cube shaped
What is the acetabulum?
deep hemispherical pocket that receives the ball-shaped head of the femur at the hip joint
Greater sciatic notch
deep indent in the ilium, the sciatic nerve (largest nerve in body) pass through here to enter the posterior thigh
When the palms are facing posteriorly how are they arranged?
distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna and the two bones form an X
Radial tuberosity
distal to the head of the anterior surface in anatomic position; rough bump, site of attachment of the biceps muscle
Anterior superior iliac spine
each iliac crest ends anteriorly in a blunt
Posterior superior iliac spine
each iliac crest ends posteriorly in a sharp
Spine (scapula)
ends laterally in a flat projection
Pubis symphysis
fibrocartilage joining two pubic bones
Pubis
form the anterior part of the hip bone, lies nearly horizontal and the bladder rests upon it (V-shaped)
Intertuberculer sulcus (humerus)
guides a tendon of the biceps to its attachment at the rim of the glenoid cavity
Calcaneus
heel bone
Three regions of the coxa
illium, iscium ad pubis
Tibial tuberosity
inferior to the condyles, on the tibia's anterior surface, attachment site of the patellar ligament
Superior ramus
joins with the bodies of the ischium and the ilium
Pubic tubercle
knoblike attachment point for the inguinal ligament
Obturator foramen
large hole between pubis and ischium, closed by a fibrous membrane called the obturator membrane
greater trochanter (femur)
lateral site of muscle attachment
Radial styloid process
lateral, anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist
Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
midway down the shaft on the lateral side, V-shaped, roughened area that is an attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
Humerus
only bone of the arm, largest and longest bone of the humerus, articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and the ulna at the elbow
Why is there great mobility in the pectoral girdle?
only clavicle is attached to the axial skeleton so scapula is free to move around, socket of the shoulder joint is shallow so it does't restrict movement
Calcaneal tuberosity
part of calcaneus that touches the ground
What are the major parts of the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
Glenoid cavity (scapula)
pit shaped, articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint
Tarsus
posterior half of the foot composed of seven tarsals
Olecranon fossa
posterior surface of the humerus directly proximal to the trochlea
Iscial spine
posterior to the acetabulum, and projects medially, attachment point for the sacrospinous ligament from the sacrum and coccyx
lesser trochanter (femur)
posteromedial site of muscle attachment
Coracoid process (scapula)
projects anteriorly from the lateral part of the superior scapular border, attachment site for the bicep muscle
What two bones make up the forearm?
radius and ulna
How are the bones of the forearm arranged in the anatomical position (Hint: Lateral vs medial)?
radius lies laterally on the thumb side and the ulna lines up medially
Ischial tuberosity
rough and thickened, strongest part of the hip bone. When you sit, your weight is laid upon it
Inferior ramus
runs with the ischial ramus
Pisiform
seen anteriorly in anatomical positioning only
Radial head
shaped like end of spool of thread, concave, articulates with the capitulum of the humerus; medially articulates with the radial notch of the ulna forming the proximal radioulnar joint
Medial condyle (femur)
shaped like wide wheels; joint surface articulates with the tibia
lateral condyle (femur)
shaped like wide wheels; joint surface articulates with the tibia
Femur
single bone of the thigh, largest + strongest bone in the body; courses medially as it descends toward the knee
Ulna
slightly longer than the radius, main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus, looks like a monkey wrench
Head (fibula)
superior end
Weight of the body is carried by
talus (ankle) which articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly and the strong calcaneus (heel bone)
What are the three segments of the lower limb?
thigh, leg and foot
Medial malleolus (tibia)
tibia's inferior projection, forms the medial bulge of the ankle
Illiac crest
top of the illium, thickened superior margin of the wing
Lesser tubercle (humerus)
tubercle that is the site of attachment for the rotator cuff muscles
Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuniforms
wedge shaped