Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton

Coronoid process (ulna)

"crown-shaped", forms hinge joint with the olecranon process, grip the trochlea of the humerus

Olecranon process (ulna)

"elbow" forms hinge joint with coronoid process; where forearm is fully extended, it locks into the olecranon fossa of the humerus

Trapezoid

"four sided"

Capitate

"head shaped"

Hamate

"hooked"

Trapezium

"little table"

Lunate

"moonlike" articulates with the radius

Ulnar styloid process

"stake-shaped", medial to the ulnar head

Triquetrum

"triangular"

What are the phalanges of the toes? How are they named? What do they articulate with?

14 phalanges, smaller than those of the fingers and less nimble; three phalanges in each digit except the great toe, which has two. (proximal, middle, distal)

What are the metacarpals? How are they named?

5 metacarpals that radiate distally form the wrist to form the metacarpus, numbered 1-5 from thumb to pinky

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

Attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

What do metacarpals articulate with?

Bases of metacarpals articulate with the carpals proximally and with each other on their lateral and medial sides. Metacarpal I is the shortest and most mobile

How are the bones of the forearm connected to one another along their length (Hint: how do the heads of each bone line up with one another?) ?

Both articulate with the humerus proximally and the bones of the wrist distally. They articular with each other both proximally and distally at the small radioulnar joints

Describe the clavicles and their location, noting the acromial end and sternal end. What are the functions of the clavicles?

Clavicles- collarbones; extend horizontally across the superior thorax on the anterior surface. Clavicles are a point of attachment for muscles and acts as a brace to hold the scapula and arms out laterally, trasmits compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Cone shaped sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially and flattened acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally.

What is the difference between the true pelvis and the false pelvis? What organs are housed in each one?

False pelvis- superior to pelvic brim and holds abdominal organs True pelvis-inferior to the pelvic brim and contains the pelvic organs

What are the main differences between the male and female pelvis?

Female- childbearing, wider, shallower, lighter, more room in true pelvis to provide room for infant's head for birth

Inferior angle (scapula)

Junction of the medial and lateral border, moves as the arm is raised and lowered

What are the metatarsals? How are they named? What do they articulate with?

Metatarsals are numbered I-V, medial to lateral. Distally, the metatarsals articulate with the proximal phalanges of the toes

What is the patella? What type of bone is it and where is it found?

Patella=kneecap, triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon which secures the quadriceps muscles of the anterior thigh to the tibia

What are the phalanges? How are they named? What subunits are they made of?

Phalanges are the fingers and they are numbered 1-5 beginning the the thumb. Each finger except the thumb has proximal, middle, and distal. (thumb has no middle)

Function of the patella

Protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the quadriceps muscles acting across the knee

Describe the scapulae (shoulder blades) and their location, noting the following features. What is the function of the scapulae?

Scapulae are thin, triangular flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the ribcage between rib 2 superior and rib 7 inferiorly. Functions in protraction, retraction, elevation depression, upward rotation and downward rotation

mneumonic to remember the bones

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle (from thumb to pinky, proximal to distal)

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

The paired hip bones ad sacrum (axial)make up the pelvic girdle

What two bones make up the anatomical leg? What are their locations relative to each other?

Tibia and fibula, tibia is located medially and is more massive. Articulate with each other both superiorly and inferiorly

What connects the tibia and fibula?

Tibiafibular joint, interosseous membrane connects the tibia and fibula along their entire length. Tibia articulates with the femur to form the knee joint and with the talus of ankle

How does the pelvic girdle attach to the axial skeleton?

Via strong ligaments in the body

Greater tubercle (humerus)

along with the lesser tubercle are separated by the intertubercular sulcus

Acromion (scapula)

apex of shoulder, articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle

Head (femur)

articulates with the acetabulum

Head (humerus)

articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Lateral condyle (tibia)

articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur

Medial condyle (tibia)

articulates with the medial condyle of the femur

Capitulum (humerus)

articulates with the radius head; shaped like half a ball

Ulnar head

articulates with the radius, end of the ulna shaft distally

Trochlea of the talus

articulates with the tibia

Talus

articulates with the tibia and fibula

Trochlea (humerus)

articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna; looks like an hourglass on its side

Patellar surface

articultes with the kneecap; separates the two condyles

Lateral malleolus (fibula)

at the inferior end, lateral bulge of the angle and articulates with the talus

Scaphoid

boat shapes, articulates with radius, commonly fractured carpal bone

Navicular

boat-like, medial

What four bones make up the pectoral girdle? Which of these bones attach to the axial skeleton?

clavicle (Attaches to axial skeleton), scapula

Cuboid

cube shaped

What is the acetabulum?

deep hemispherical pocket that receives the ball-shaped head of the femur at the hip joint

Greater sciatic notch

deep indent in the ilium, the sciatic nerve (largest nerve in body) pass through here to enter the posterior thigh

When the palms are facing posteriorly how are they arranged?

distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna and the two bones form an X

Radial tuberosity

distal to the head of the anterior surface in anatomic position; rough bump, site of attachment of the biceps muscle

Anterior superior iliac spine

each iliac crest ends anteriorly in a blunt

Posterior superior iliac spine

each iliac crest ends posteriorly in a sharp

Spine (scapula)

ends laterally in a flat projection

Pubis symphysis

fibrocartilage joining two pubic bones

Pubis

form the anterior part of the hip bone, lies nearly horizontal and the bladder rests upon it (V-shaped)

Intertuberculer sulcus (humerus)

guides a tendon of the biceps to its attachment at the rim of the glenoid cavity

Calcaneus

heel bone

Three regions of the coxa

illium, iscium ad pubis

Tibial tuberosity

inferior to the condyles, on the tibia's anterior surface, attachment site of the patellar ligament

Superior ramus

joins with the bodies of the ischium and the ilium

Pubic tubercle

knoblike attachment point for the inguinal ligament

Obturator foramen

large hole between pubis and ischium, closed by a fibrous membrane called the obturator membrane

greater trochanter (femur)

lateral site of muscle attachment

Radial styloid process

lateral, anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist

Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)

midway down the shaft on the lateral side, V-shaped, roughened area that is an attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder

Humerus

only bone of the arm, largest and longest bone of the humerus, articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and the ulna at the elbow

Why is there great mobility in the pectoral girdle?

only clavicle is attached to the axial skeleton so scapula is free to move around, socket of the shoulder joint is shallow so it does't restrict movement

Calcaneal tuberosity

part of calcaneus that touches the ground

What are the major parts of the appendicular skeleton?

pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

Glenoid cavity (scapula)

pit shaped, articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint

Tarsus

posterior half of the foot composed of seven tarsals

Olecranon fossa

posterior surface of the humerus directly proximal to the trochlea

Iscial spine

posterior to the acetabulum, and projects medially, attachment point for the sacrospinous ligament from the sacrum and coccyx

lesser trochanter (femur)

posteromedial site of muscle attachment

Coracoid process (scapula)

projects anteriorly from the lateral part of the superior scapular border, attachment site for the bicep muscle

What two bones make up the forearm?

radius and ulna

How are the bones of the forearm arranged in the anatomical position (Hint: Lateral vs medial)?

radius lies laterally on the thumb side and the ulna lines up medially

Ischial tuberosity

rough and thickened, strongest part of the hip bone. When you sit, your weight is laid upon it

Inferior ramus

runs with the ischial ramus

Pisiform

seen anteriorly in anatomical positioning only

Radial head

shaped like end of spool of thread, concave, articulates with the capitulum of the humerus; medially articulates with the radial notch of the ulna forming the proximal radioulnar joint

Medial condyle (femur)

shaped like wide wheels; joint surface articulates with the tibia

lateral condyle (femur)

shaped like wide wheels; joint surface articulates with the tibia

Femur

single bone of the thigh, largest + strongest bone in the body; courses medially as it descends toward the knee

Ulna

slightly longer than the radius, main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus, looks like a monkey wrench

Head (fibula)

superior end

Weight of the body is carried by

talus (ankle) which articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly and the strong calcaneus (heel bone)

What are the three segments of the lower limb?

thigh, leg and foot

Medial malleolus (tibia)

tibia's inferior projection, forms the medial bulge of the ankle

Illiac crest

top of the illium, thickened superior margin of the wing

Lesser tubercle (humerus)

tubercle that is the site of attachment for the rotator cuff muscles

Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuniforms

wedge shaped