Chapter 8: Articular system

A place of union or junction between two or more bones, regardless of the degree of movement allowed by this union, is known as a(n):

articulation

Skull joints are called _____.

sutures

A joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage is a(n) _____.

synchondrosis

A condyloid joint is also known as a(n) _____ joint

ellipsoidal

The act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones is known as:

flexion

A joint in which a conical process fits into a socket and is held in place by ligaments is known as a(n):

gomphosis

Bursae are classified into three types based on where they are found:

1.subcutaneous bursae 2.subfascial bursae 3.subtendinous bursae

_____ is the act of raising the foot up at the ankle joint

Dorsiflexion

Flexion

bending or decreasing the angle between bones

Synovial joints are also called _____.

diarthrosis

Movement of the sole of the foot outward at the ankle is known as:

eversion

The act of increasing the angle between bones is:

extension

Subcutaneous bursae

found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying bony process (e.g., the knee joint). Between the patella or kneecap and its overlying skin is a subcutaneous bursa preventing friction between bone and skin

Fascia

layer of areolar tissue covering the whole muscle trunk

Subfascial bursae

located between muscles. They are found above the fascia of one muscle and below the fascia of another. The fascia is the fibrous connective tissue that covers the epimysium of a muscle bundle

Depression

lowering a part of the body

A diarthrosis joint provides a smooth gliding surface because of _____.

lubrication

Functions of the synovial joints include bearing weight, stability and _____.

lubrication

Reposition

occurs when the digits return to their normal positions

Only primates can perform the movement called _____.

opposition

Moving the foot down at the ankle joint is known as:

plantar flexion

Creating a smooth gliding surface for opposing bones and nourishing the articular cartilage are the two functions of:

synovial fluid

Gliding joints are found in the _____.

vertebrae

Synovial joints have a number of functions

First, they bear weight and allow movement; second, their construction in the form of a capsule made of ligaments, tendons, muscles and articular cartilage provide stability; and third, synovial fluid lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage.

_____ is the act of increasing the joint angle beyond the anatomical position

Hyperextension

Condyloid joint

a type of synovial joint, also called an ellipsoidal joint, like the wrist. sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint, is a biaxial joint that consists of an oval-shaped condyle that fits into an elliptical cavity. Motion is possible in two planes at right angles to each other. The wrist joint between the radius of the forearm and some of the carpal bones of the wrist is a condyloid joint. The hand can be flexed and extended in one plane like raising your hand in a sign to stop and returning it to a downward position. It can also be abducted and adducted like waving good-bye when moving the hand from side to side

Pivot joint

a type of synovial joint, like the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae. The pivot joint is another uniaxial joint because motion is limited to rotation in a single plane. The joint is constructed in such a way that a pivot-like process rotates within a bony fossa around a longitudinal axis. One example is the joint between the atlas vertebra (the pivot process) that rotates within the bony fossa of the axis vertebra.

Hinge joint

a type of synovial joint, like the knee or elbow. The hinge joint is structured in such a way that a convex surface fits into a concave surface. In this type of a joint, motion is limited to flexion and extension in a single plane. Two examples are the elbow and knee joint. Because motion is restricted to one plane these joints are also called uniaxial hinge joints. Refer to the figure on the right to see the structure of the uniaxial knee joint. Other uniaxial hinge joints are the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers and toes.

Closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining that can be found in the spaces of connective tissue between tendons, ligaments, and bones are known as:

bursae

Inflammation of the synovial bursa, which can be caused by excessive stress or tension placed on the bursa, is known as:

bursitis

A buffer between two weight-bearing bones is provided by _____.

cartilage

Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a(n) _____ enclosed by a(n) _____.

cavity, capsule

Moving the bone in such a way that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air is called _____.

circumduction

Bursae

closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining. Bursae can be found in the spaces of connective tissue between tendons, ligaments and bones. Bursae are found wherever friction could develop during movement. They facilitate the gliding of either muscle over muscle or tendons over bony ligamentous surfaces.

ball-and-socket joint will have a ball-shaped head fitting into a(n) _____ _____.

concave socket

An example of a hinge joint is the _____.

elbow

The movement of raising a part of the body is known as:

elevation

Subtendinous bursae

found where one tendon overlies another tendon or where one tendon overlies some bony projection, as in the shoulder

An accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joint at the base of the large toe and other joints of the feet and legs causes a condition known as:

gout

A(n) _____ joint is a type of joint in which the movement is limited to flexion and extension in a single plane

hinge

If a joint is forced beyond its normal range of extension, it is _____.

hyperextended

Hyperextension

increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position

Extension

increasing the angle between bones and is the opposite of flexion

Syndesmosis

joint in which bones are connected by ligaments between the bones

Synchondrosis

joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage. The cartilage is replaced by permanent bone later in life.

Synarthroses

joints between bones that do not allow movement

Symphysis

joints in which the bones are connected by a disc of fibrocartilage

Amphiarthroses

joints that allow only slight movement

Abduction

movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement of a bone or limb toward the midline of the body

Opposition

movement that occurs only with the thumb and is unique to primates. It occurs when the tip of the thumb and the fingers are brought together. The action allows us to use tools as when writing with a pen.

Rotation

moving a bone around a central axis; the plane of rotational motion is perpendicular to the axis, as when rotating our head

Retraction

moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground

Protraction

moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground

Circumduction

moving the bone in such a way so that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air

Pronation

moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel

Supination

moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel

Inversion

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

Eversion

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

The movement that occurs only with the thumb and allows performance tasks such as writing with a pen is known as:

opposition

Degenerative joint disease, a condition affecting the weight-bearing joints, is also known as:

osteoarthritis

Moving the palm of the hand so that it faces down is called _____.

pronation

Move the body forward for _____ and backward for _____.

protraction, retraction

Plantar flexion

pushing the foot down at the ankle joint

The following movements can occur at diarthroses or synovial joints:

1.Flexion 2.Extension 3.Hyperextension 4.Abduction 5.Rotation 6.Circumduction 7.Supination 8.Eversion 9.Protraction 10.Retraction 11.Elevation 12.Opposition 13.Reposition 14.Dorsiflexion

Inflammation of a joint is called _____.

arthritis

Gomphosis

a joint in which a conical process fits into a socket and is held in place by ligaments

Articulation

a place of junction between two or more bones

Gliding joint

a type of synovial joint found in the spine. and is a multiaxial joint. This type of joint is formed by either opposing plane surfaces or slightly convex and concave surfaces. This type of joint only allows gliding movement. Examples of gliding joints are those between the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae in the spine.

_____ is a movement placing the palm in an anterior position

Supination

Saddle joint

a type of synovial joint, the carpal metacarpal joint in the thumb. The saddle joint, another biaxial joint, is a bit more complex in its structure. In this type of a joint, one articular surface is concave in one direction and convex in the other (the trapezium, a carpal bone of the wrist), while the other articular surface is reciprocally convex and concave (the metacarpal bone in the thumb). Thus, the two bones fit together. Refer to the figure on the right to study its construction. Movement is possible in two planes at right angles to each other: flexion and extension plus abduction and adduction. This construction also permits opposition of the thumb, an evolutionary advancement allowing phenomenal dexterity of the hand to grasp and use tools.

Ball-and-socket joint

a type of synovial or diarthrosis joint, also called a multiaxial joint, like the shoulder or hip joint. In this type of joint, a ball-shaped head fits into a concave socket. Two examples are the ball-shaped head of the femur fitting into the concave socket of the acetabulum of the pelvic bone and the head of the humerus fitting into the glenoid fossa of the scapula. This type of joint provides the widest range of motion. Movement can occur in all planes and directions. Of the two ball-and-socket joints, the hip and the shoulder, the shoulder has the widest range of movement

Movement of a bone or limb toward the midline of the body is known as:

adduction

Those joints allowing only slight movement are _____.

amphiarthrosis

Suture

articulation in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue

Elevation

raising a part of the body

Dorsiflexion

raising the foot up at the ankle joint

The act of moving the bone around a central axis, with the plane of rotational motion perpendicular to the axis, is known as:

rotation

The thumb is an example of a(n) _____ joint

saddle

The joint providing the greatest range of motion in the body is found in the _____.

shoulder

Joints are classified by _____, type of material holding the joint together, and _____, degree of movement they allow.

structure, function