Chapter 8: Connecting to and Setting Up a Network

SIM card (subscriber identification module)

A small flash memory card that contains all the information a device needs to connect to a cellular network, including a password and other authentication information needed to access the network, encryption standards used, and the services that a subscription includes.

channel

A specific radio frequency within a broader frequency

port forwarding

A technique that allows a computer on the Internet to reach a computer on a private network using a certain port when the private network is protected by a firewall device using NAT. When the firewall receives a request for communication from the Internet to a specific computer and port, the request will be allowed and forwarded to that computer on the network. Also called tunneling.

dynamic IP address

An IP address assigned by a DHCP server when the computer first connects to a network, whereas a static IP address is manually assigned.

loopback address

An IP address that indicates your own computer.

static IP address

An IP address that is permanently assigned to a computer or device.

IPv6 (internet protocol version 6)

An IP address with 128 bits used by TCP/IP version 6.

IPv4 (internet protocol version 4)

An IP address with 32 bits that created about four billion potential IP addresses. Used by TCP/IP version 4.

multicast address

An IPv6 address where packets are delivered to all nodes on a network.

SMTP AUTH (SMTP authentication)

An improved version of SMTP and used to authenticate a user to an email server when the email client first tries to connect to the email server to send email.

gateway

Any device or computer that network traffic can use to leave one network and go to a different network.

intranet

Any private network that uses TCP/IP protocols. A large enterprise might support an intranet that is made up of several local networks.

port number

As applied to services running on a computer, a number assigned to a process on a computer so that the process can be found by TCP/IP. Also called port address.

port address

As applied to services running on a computer, a number assigned to a process on a computer so that the process can be found by TCP/IP. Also called port number.

public IP address

In TCP/IP version 4, IP addresses available to the internet.

private IP addresses

In TCP/IP version 4, IP addresses that are not allowed on the Internet used by a company conserving its public IP address. Within the company network, computers communicate with one another using private IP addresses.

APIPA (automatic private IP address)

In TCP/IP version 4, an IP address that is assigned to a computer when the computer is not able to lease a dynamic IP address from a DHCP server.

octet

In TCP/IP version 4, each of the four numbers in an IP address separated by periods and can be any number from 0 to 255, making a total of about 4.3 billion IP addresses.

classful subnet mask

In TCP/IP version 4, the default subnet mask that is used if a network is not divided into subnets. It is called a classful subnet mask because the network portion of the IP address aligns with the class license.

classless subnet mask

In TCP/IP version 4, the subnet mask takes some bits of the host portion of the IP address for the network ID and does not align the network portion of the IP address with the network octets assigned by the class license.

link

In TCP/IP version 6, a local area network or wide area network bounded by routers.

local link

In TCP/IP version 6, a local area network or wide area network bounded by routers.

interface

In TCP/IP version 6, a node's attachment to a link.

ISATAP

In TCP/IP version 6, a tunneling protocol that has been developed for IPv6 packets to travel over an IPv4 network and stands for Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol.

global unicast address

In TCP/IP version 6, an IP address that can be routed on the Internet. Also called global address.

global address

In TCP/IP version 6, an IP address that can be routed on the Internet. Also called global unicast address.

link local unicast address

In TCP/IP version 6, an IP address used for communicating with nodes in the same link. Also called link local address.

link local address

In TCP/IP version 6, an IP address used for communicating with nodes in the same link. Also called link local unicast address.

6TO4

In TCP/IP version 6, an older tunneling protocol being replace by the more powerful Teredo or ISATAP protocols. Tunnels are used by IPv6 to transport IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network.

interface ID

In TCP/IP version 6, the last 64 bits or 4 blocks of an IP address that identify the interface.

subnet ID

In TCP/IP version 6, the last block (16 bits) in the 64-bit prefix of an IP address. The subnet is identified using some or all of these 16 bits.

neighbors

In TCP/IP version 6, two or more nodes on the same link.

HTTPS (HTTP secure)

The HTTP protocol working with a security protocol such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS), which is better than SSL, to create a secured socket.

802.11

The collective name for the IEEE 802.11 standards for local wireless networking, which is the technical name for Wi-Fi.

default gateway

The gateway a computer uses to access another network if it does not have a better option.

TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol)

The group or suite of protocols used for almost all networks, including the Internet.

host name

The name of a computer and can be used in place of its IP address. Also called computer name.

computer name

The name of a computer and can be used in place of its IP address. Also called host name.

name resolution

The process of associating a character based name with an IP address.

TCP (transmission control protocol)

The protocol in the TCP/IP suite of protocols that works at the OSI Transport layer and guarantees packet delivery.

RDP (remote desktop protocol)

The protocol used by Windows Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance utilities to connect to and control a remote computer.

SMB (server message block)

The protocol used by Windows to share files and printers on a network.

HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)

The protocol used for the World Wide Web and used by web browsers and web servers.

subnet

The small group of local networks when several networks are tied together in a subsystem of the larger intranet. In TCP/IP version 6, one or more links that have the same 64-bits in the first part of the IP address (called the prefix).

port filtering

To open or close certain ports so they can or cannot be used. A firewall uses port filtering to protect a network from unwanted communication.

client/server

Two computers communicating using a local network or the Internet. One computer takes on the role of making requests from the other computer. A computer making a request from another is called the client and the one answering the request is called the server.

MIMO (multiple input/multiple output)

Used by the latest Wi-Fi standard, 802.11n, and allows a device to use two or more antennas to improve performance.

IP address

Used to find computers on subnets, an intranet, or on the Internet.

subnet mask

Used with IPv4 and identifies which part of an IP address is the network portion and which part is the host portion.

anycast address

Using TCP/IP version 6, a type of IP address used by routers and identifies multiple destinations. Packets are delivered to the closest destination.

DNS client

When Windows queries the DNS server for a name resolution.

port triggering

When a firewall opens a port because a computer behind the firewall initiates communication on another port.

MAC address (media access control)

A 48-bit (6-byte) number hard-coded on a network adapter by its manufacturer that is unique for that device. also called hardware address, physical address, or adapter address.

DNS server

A Doman Name Service server that uses a DNS protocol to find an IP address for a computer when the fully qualified domain name is known. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is responsible for providing access to one or more DNS servers as part of the service it provides for Internet access.

NAT (network address translation)

A TCP/IP protocol that substitutes the public IP address of the router for the private IP address of the other computer when these computers need to communicate on the Internet.

best-effort protocol

A TCP/IP protocol that works at the OSI transport layer and does not guarantee delivery by first connecting and checking where data is received. It might be used for broadcasting, such as streaming video or sound over the web, where guaranteed delivery is not as important as fast transmission.

connectionless protocol

A TCP/IP protocol that works at the OSI transport layer and does not guarantee delivery by first connecting and checking where data is received. It might be used for broadcasting, such as streaming video or sound over the web, where guaranteed delivery is not as important as fast transmission.

Telnet

A TCP/IP protocol used by the Telnet client/server applications to allow an administrator or other user to control a computer remotely.

Class C

A class of IPv4 IP address that assigns three octets as the network address. 192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x (An x,y, or z in the IP address stands for an octet used to identify hosts.)

Class A

A class of IPv4 address that is for a single octet, which is the network portion of the IP addresses in that license. 1.x.y.z to 126.x.y.z (An x,y, or z in the IP address stands for an octet used to identify hosts.)

Class B

A class of IPv4 addresses that leases the first two octets, and these first two octets are used for the network portion and the last two can by used for the host address or for subnetting the network. 128.0.x.y to 191.255.x.y (An x,y, or z in the IP address stands for an octet used to identify hosts.)

FTP (file transfer protocol)

A common application that uses the Internet to transfer files between two computers.

DHCP client

A computer of other device (such as a network printer) that requests an IP address form a DHCP server.

connection-oriented protocol

A connection, such as that made by the TCP protocol, which checks whether data is received, and resends it if it is not.

QoS (quality of service)

A feature used by Windows and network hardware devices to improve network performance for an application that is not getting the best network performance.

secure FTP (secure file transfer protocol)

A file transfer protocol used to transfer files between and FTP server and client using encryption.

Hosts file

A file, which has no file extension, and contains computer names and their associated IP addresses on the local network.

domain name

A name that identifies a network and appears before the period in a website address such as microsoft.com

LAN (local area network)

A network bound by routers or other gateway devices.

DNS (domain name system/service)

A protocol used by DNS server to find an IP address for a computer when the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is known.

IMAP4 (internet message access protocol, version 4)

A protocol used by a recipient's email server to deliver messages. Using IMAP, the client application manages the email stored on the server.

POP3 (post office protocol, version 3)

A protocol used by a recipient's email server to deliver messages. Using POP, email is downloaded to the client computer.

LDAP (lightweight directory access protocol)

A protocol used by various client applications when the application needs to query a database.

SNMP (simple netwrok managemet protocol)

A protocol used to monitor network traffic.

SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol)

A protocol used to send an email message to its destination.

RF (radio frequency)

A rate or range of rates of oscillation used for wireless communication. For example Wi-Fi 802.11n can use either 5.0 GHz or 2.4 GHz radio frequency.

SSH (secure shell)

A secure protocol that is used to pass encrypted login information to a remote computer and control that computer over a network.

packet

A segment of data sent over a network that contains the data and information at the beginning of the segment that identifies the type of data, where it came from, and where it's going.

DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol)

A server that gives an IP address to a computer when it first attempts to initiate a connection to the network and requests an IP address.

protocols

A set of rules and standards that two entities use for communication.

alternate IP address

A setting that allows a computer to first try using dynamic IP addressing when a laptop moves from one network to another. If dynamic IP addressing is not available on the network, it then applies the static IP address setting entered on the Alternate Configuration Tab.

port

(1) As applied to services running on a computer, a number assigned to a process on a computer so that the process can be found by TCP/IP. Also called port address or port number. (2) A physical connector, usually at the back of a computer, that allows a cable from a peripheral device, such as a printer, mouse, or modem, to be attached.

802.11g

- Same as 802.11b, but with a speed up to 54 Mbps.

DMZ

A demilitarized zone in networking is a computer or network that is not protected by a firewall.

router

A device that manages traffic between two or more networks and can help find the best path for traffic to get from one network to another.

multicasting

One host sends messages to multiple hosts, such as when the host transmits a video conference over the Internet.

AES (advanced encryption standard)

The basis for wireless encryption standards and improve the way TKIP generated encryption keys.

SSID (Service Set Identifier)

The name of a wireless network.

hardware address

A 48-bit (6-byte) number hard-coded on a network adapter by its manufacturer that is unique for that device. also called adapter address, physical address, or MAC address.

physical address

A 48-bit (6-byte) number hard-coded on a network adapter by its manufacturer that is unique for that device. also called hardware address, adapter address, or MAC address.

adapter address

A 48-bit (6-byte) number hard-coded on a network adapter by its manufacturer that is unique for that device. also called hardware address, physical address, or MAC address.

802.11a

- Speeds up to 54 Mbps. - Short range up to 50 meters with radio frequency of 5.0GHz. - 802.11a is no longer used.

802.11b

- Up to 11 Mbps with a range of up to 100 meters. (Indoor ranges are less than outdoor ranges.) - The radio frequency of 2.4 GHz experienced interference from cordless phones and microwaves.

802.11n

- up to 500 Mbps depending on the configuration. - Indoor range up to 70 meters and outdoor range up to 250 meters. - Can use either 5.0 GHz or 2.4 GHz radio frequency.

FQDN (fully qualified domain name)

Identifies a computer and the network to which it belongs and includes the computer name and domain name.

network adapter

Part of the physical network inside a computer. The network adapter has a 48-bit number hard coded on the card by its manufacturer that is unique for that device and is called the MAC address.