Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. Arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories b. Occur for details but not for entire events c. Occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances d. Do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people

a. Arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge b. Participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was c. Omissions of information that was presented d. Confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous

a. Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? a. Illusory truth effect b. Pragmatic inference c. Misinformation effect d. Source monitoring error

a. Illusory truth effect

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory. a. Schemas b. Confabulation c. Bias d. Scripts

a. Schemas

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a. When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong b. Despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup c. It is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup d. Highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate

a. When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and a. Retroactive interference b. Source misattribution c. Confabulation d. Consequentiality

b. Source misattribution

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was a. Auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker b. Auditory from a male speaker c. Auditory from a female speaker d. Visual

c. Auditory from a female speaker

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. a. Misinformation b. Source c. Constructive d. Event-specific

c. Constructive

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated a. Using more visual encoding than normal b. In a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks" c. Less efficiently than normal d. Using stronger semantic connections than normal

c. Less efficiently than normal

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. The person has never seen before b. Of familiar places c. The person took himself or herself d. The person has seen before

c. The person took himself or herself

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? a. Androgen b. Acetylcholine c. Cholesterol d. Cortisol

d. Cortisol

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on a. Source misattributions b. Shallow processing c. Narrative rehearsal d. Cultural expectations

d. Cultural expectations

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect b. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect c. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a. They are permanent and resist forgetting b. People's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy) c. Rehearsal cannot account for them d. Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

d. Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. Trauma-based experiences b. Family-centered challenges c. The freshman year d. Transition points

d. Transition points