Chapter 8
Research on memory construction indicates that A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past. B) false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened. C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.
B
Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.A) workingB) implicit C) sensory D) explicit
B
After long-term potentiation has occurred A) sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily. B) it takes longer to process new information. C) a receiving neuron's receptor sites are reduced. D) you more readily forget facts that you once knew.
A
An iconic memory is a ________ memory. A) sensory B) short-term C) working D) procedura
A
Because her memory trace has faded, Dr. Jordan remembers much less about the organic chemistry that she once learned well as a medical student. Her memory loss best illustrates A) storage decay. B) proactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) repression.
A
Becky cannot remember anything that happened during her adolescent or young adulthood years. Becky's memory difficulty illustrates A) retrograde amnesia. B) anterograde amnesia. C) storage decay. D) proactive interference.
A
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term mnemonics. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the first line of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of A) automatic processing. B) the self-reference effect. C) echoic memory. D) effortful processing.
A
Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. B) working memory's central executive focuses attention. C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.
A
Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned is called A) source amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C) repression. D) déjà vu.
A
Forming conscious associations between new course material and facts you already know is an effective way to build a network of A) retrieval cues. B) sensory memories. C) implicit memories. D) defense mechanisms.
A
George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory.A) short-termB) explicit C) long-term D) implicit
A
A full week after Usha heard her mother read her a list of 12 different farm animals, Usha is most likely to remember the animals ________ of the list. A) at the beginning and end B) at the end C) at the beginning D) in the middle
C
A good night's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of A) priming. B) encoding specificity. C) memory consolidation. D) mood-congruent memory.
C
A lack of conscious memories of your first four years of life best illustrates A) priming. B) long-term potentiation. C) infantile amnesia. D) the serial position effect.
C
A lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms is called a A) priming effect. B) positive transfer. C) memory trace. D) retrieval cue.
C
A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates A) repression. B) interference. C) storage decay. D) the misinformation effect.
C
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory. A) echoic B) short-term C) iconicD) implicit
C
A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as A) retroactive interference. B) proactive interference. C) repression. D) déjà vu.
C
Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory. A) nondeclarativeB) implicit C) flashbulb D) procedural
C
Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories during the process of A) déjà vu. B) repression. C) retrieval. D) source amnesia.
C
Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt A) long-term memories. B) procedural memories. C) very recent memories. D) flashbulb memories.
C
Using your working memory to associate an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with other familiar words that are similar in meaning to the glossary term best illustrates A) automatic processing. B) the spacing effect. C) deep processing. D) the testing effect.
C
To retain a newly introduced nonsense syllable in our working memory, it is most clearly necessary to engage in A) chunking. B) shallow processing. C) rehearsal. D) automatic processing.
C
Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells of a remembered baseball game best illustrates A) distributed practice. B) implicit memory. C) parallel processing. D) chunking
C
Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object both activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to A) anterograde amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) imagination inflation. D) motivated forgetting.
C
We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. This illustratesA) automatic processing.B) distributed practice. C) the self-reference effect. D) echoic memory.
C
We are more likely to remember the words "bicycle, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of A) the spacing effect. B) implicit memory. C) imagery. D) iconic memory.
C
We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to A) storage decay. B) retroactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) repression.
C
We encode implicit memories by means of A) recall. B) working memory. C) automatic processing. D) effortful processing.
C
An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called A) source amnesia. B) anterograde amnesia. C) proactive interference. D) retrograde amnesia.
D
The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve A) encoding failure. B) repression. C) implicit memory loss. D) interference.
D
The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of A) implicit memory. B) iconic memory. C) echoic memory. D) working memory.
D
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on A) chunking. B) shallow processing. C) visual encoding. D) memory.
D
The recall of sad experiences is often primed by feelings of sadness. This most clearly illustrates A) the serial position effect. B) flashbulb memories. C) implicit memory. D) mood-congruent memory.
D
The retention of encoded information over time refers to A) effortful processing. B) implicit memory. C) the spacing effect. D) storage.
D
An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as A) the misinformation effect. B) anterograde amnesia. C) déjà vu. D) retrieval failure.
D
In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word smashed in relation to the accident later recalled A) glass fragments at the scene of the accident. B) that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated. C) that the drivers of the vehicles were males. D) the details of the accident with vivid accuracy.
A
Information learned through classical conditioning forms ________ memories. A) implicit B) explicitC) nondeclarative D) sensory
A
Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A) the spacing effect. B) effortful processing. C) chunking. D) automatic processing.
A
Our tendency to recall the first items in a list is referred to as A) the recency effect. B) the primacy effect. C) implicit memory. D) explicit memory.
A
Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as A) 12 seconds. B) 1 minute. C) 12 minutes. D) 1 hour.
A
Proactive interference can be considered A) forward-acting. B) backward-acting. C) retrograde.D) anterograde.
A
Scuba divers who heard a word list while underwater or sitting on the beach later recalled more of the words if their recall was tested in the same place. This best illustrates A) the encoding specificity principle. B) the serial position effect. C) memory consolidation. D) flashbulb memory.
A
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as A) chunking. B) the spacing effect. C) automatic processing. D) mnemonics.
A
Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory. A) iconic; short-term B) short-term; sensory C) working; echoic D) long-term; iconic
A
Source amnesia helps to explain A) déjà vu. B) sensory memory. C) proactive interference. D) implicit memory.
A
Stress hormones provoke the ________ to initiate a memory trace that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas.A) amygdalaB) hippocampus C) hypothalamus D) cerebellum
A
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory. A) iconicB) implicit C) echoicD) procedural
A
The basal ganglia most clearly facilitate the processing of A) procedural memories. B) explicit memories. C) mood-congruent memories. D) flashbulb memories.
A
The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of A) the two-track mind. B) the self-reference effect. C) sensory memory. D) semantic processing.
A
The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on A) how long ago we learned that information. B) the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval. C) whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory. D) whether the information was forcibly repressed.
A
The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best illustrated by A) the testing effect. B) implicit memory. C) classically conditioned associations. D) iconic memory.
A
The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone keypad are not accompanied by alphabetically sequenced letters is most likely due to A) encoding failure. B) the misinformation effect. C) retroactive interference. D) source amnesia.
A
The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of A) memory construction. B) repression. C) proactive interference. D) anterograde amnesia.
A
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as A) the serial position effect. B) implicit memory. C) memory consolidation. D) the encoding specificity principle.
A
The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from A) retrieving information from memory. B) the automatic processing of information. C) combining information into larger chunks. D) rereading previously studied information.
A
Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using A) a mnemonic technique. B) the spacing effect. C) implicit memory. D) explicit memory.
A
When asked how they felt 10 years ago regarding marijuana issues, people recalled attitudes closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates A) memory construction. B) proactive interference. C) anterograde amnesia. D) positive transfer.
A
Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia? A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature. B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding. C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events. D) Implicit memories last for less than a second in infants.
A
Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. A) short-term B) implicit C) shallow D) explicit
A
A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.A) iconicB) explicit C) proceduralD) nondeclarative
B
A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the A) amygdala to the hippocampus. B) hippocampus to the cerebral cortex. C) cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia. D) basal ganglia to the cerebellum.
B
A sea slug releases more serotonin in order to promote the process of ________ necessary to learn a classically conditioned association. A) priming B) neurotransmission C) working memory D) serial position effect
B
According to Allen Baddeley and others, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual information in our ________ memory.A) implicitB) working C) procedural D) echoic
B
After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n)________ effect than is their later recall of the items. A) automatic processing B) recency C) memory consolidation D) implicit memory
B
After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates A) the serial position effect. B) context-dependent memory. C) flashbulb memory. D) infantile amnesia.
B
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of A) source amnesia. B) retroactive interference. C) proactive interference. D) automatic processing.
B
After research participants have retrieved a long-term memory of a traumatic experience, researchers have attempted to use a drug or brief, painless electroconvulsive shock to disrupt the ________ of that memory. A) repression B) reconsolidation C) retroactive interference D) proactive interference
B
Automatic processing most clearly occurs without A) encoding. B) conscious rehearsal. C) implicit memory. D) chunking.
B
Because it happens without our awareness, implicit memory is also called A) sensory memory. B) nondeclarative memory. C) automatic memory. D) declarative memory.
B
Becky's car is in the shop and her father has allowed her to use his truck until her car is repaired. Although she has never driven his truck before, she finds that after a few minutes she has the hang of it. This is an example of A) déjà vu. B) positive transfer. C) reconsolidation. D) the misinformation effect.
B
Boosting the production of the protein ________ might trigger increased production of other proteins that help reshape synapses and transfer short-term memories into long-term memories.A) LTP B) CREB C) GABA D) THC
B
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if they rehearse the meanings of the Latin words. This best illustrates the value of A) iconic memory. B) deep processing. C) procedural memory. D) echoic memory.
B
Chunking refers to A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery. B) the organization of information into meaningful units. C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information. D) the tendency to recognize names we can't recall.
B
Consciously recalling an event that you experienced during your last year of high school best illustrates A) procedural memory. B) episodic memory. C) context-dependent memory. D) semantic memory.
B
Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs. A) right hippocampus; left hippocampus B) left hippocampus; right hippocampus C) right cerebellum; left cerebellum D) left cerebellum; right cerebellum
B
Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between A) implicit and explicit memory. B) deep and shallow processing. C) iconic and echoic memory. D) massed and distributed practice.
B
Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called A) massed practice. B) effortful processing. C) distributed practice. D) procedural memory.
B
Encoding words based on the appearance of the word's letters involves A) the spacing effect. B) shallow processing. C) the testing effect. D) distributed practice.
B
Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________. A) iconic memory; echoic memory B) automatic processing; effortful processing C) short-term memory; long-term memory D) the spacing effect; the self-reference effect
B
In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, the hypothetical central executive engages in A) chunking. B) focusing attention. C) automatic processing. D) mnemonics.
B
In one experiment, participants primed with words related to ________ were less likely to help another person who asked for their help.A) laughterB) money C) booksD) computers
B
In which stage of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model do we rehearse information? A) sensory memory B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) working memory
B
It's harder for Alonso to recall the name of a colleague at work when he sees her in a grocery store than at her desk. This best illustrates A) the serial position effect. B) the encoding specificity principle. C) long-term potentiation. D) memory consolidation.
B
James, who was tackled during the last football game he played, has no memory of the game. What is the likely reason? A) His working memory did not have time to consolidate the information into long-term memory. B) His sensory memory failed to process the information. C) His long-term memory has been damaged as a result of being tackled during the game. D) His short-term memory did not have time to transfer the information into his working memory.
B
Jane is learning how to roller skate. Fast forward to a few years from now. If she continues to practice, roller skating will have become a(n) ________ skill for Jane. A) effortfulB) automatic C) procedural D) implicit
B
Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony and reception. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of A) proactive interference. B) memory construction. C) repression. D) anterograde amnesia.
B
Margaret recently had a stroke. although she easily recalls her past, she has problems forming new memories. Margaret's memory difficulty illustrates A) retrograde amnesia. B) anterograde amnesia. C) storage decay. D) proactive interference.
B
Memories are primed by A) memory consolidation. B) retrieval cues. C) long-term potentiation. D) infantile amnesia.
B
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates A) source amnesia. B) retroactive interference. C) repression. D) proactive interference.
B
Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become A) implicit memories. B) retrieval cues. C) procedural memories. D) flashbulb memories.
B
Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called A) déjà vu. B) positive transfer. C) reconsolidation. D) the misinformation effect.
B
Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the A) right frontal lobe. B) left frontal lobe. C) right cerebellum. D) left cerebellum.
B
Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the A) basal ganglia B) right frontal lobe. C) cerebellum. D) amygdala
B
Repeated rehearsal of your teachers' lectures and reading assignments leads to lasting memories thanks to the neural process of A) ECT. B) LTP. C) encoding specificity. D) priming.
B
Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the A) structure of DNA molecules. B) release of certain neurotransmitters. C) activity level of the hippocampus. D) development of the cerebellum.
B
Research on memory construction indicates that A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past. B) false memories often feel as real as true memories. C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.
B
Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be A) difficult to retrieve but never completely lost. B) distorted by our current expectations. C) much easier to recall if they are seldom rehearsed. D) retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded.
B
Retroactive interference can be considered A) forward-acting. B) backward-acting. C) retrograde.D) anterograde.
B
Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of A) the spacing effect. B) hierarchical organization. C) mnemonics. D) procedural memory.
B
Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory. A) shallow memory B) sensory memory C) automatic memory D) long-term memory
B
Stress hormones promote stronger memories by A) decreasing the availability of serotonin. B) increasing the availability of glucose. C) decreasing the availability of CREB. D) increasing the availability of propranolol.
B
Stress provokes the amygdala to initiate ________ that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming area. A) a semantic memory B) memory trace C) long-term potentiation D) release of dopamine
B
The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates A) working memory. B) automatic processing. C) iconic memory. D) distributed practice.
B
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as A) short-term memory. B) sensory memory. C) long-term memory. D) explicit memory.
B
The neurotransmitter glutamate ________ LTP and the protein CREB ________ LTP. A) disrupts; disrupts B) facilitates; facilitates C) disrupts; facilitates D) facilitates; disrupts
B
The original Atkinson and Shiffrin memory model focused on how we A) engage in automatic processing. B) process our explicit memories. C) form implicit memories. D) develop classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.
B
The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain illustrates A) priming. B) memory consolidation. C) the serial position effect. D) the encoding specificity principle.
B
To help think about the processes involved in memory, some memory researchers have developed A) acronyms. B) information-processing models. C) hierarchical organization. D) massed practice.
B
To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates A) iconic memory. B) deep processing. C) implicit memory. D) massed practice.
B
Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of A) the testing effect. B) acronyms. C) the spacing effect. D) mnemonics.
B
Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play. This ability is best explained in terms of A) the spacing effect. B) chunking. C) the self-reference effect. D) implicit memory.
B
Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?A) recallB) recognition C) rehearsal D) retrieval
B
Which of the following has been tested for use as a memory-blocking drug? A) glutamate B) propranolol C) CREBD) epinephrine
B
Which of the following is an effective study technique? A) massed practice B) repeated self-testing C) the use of mnemonics D) hierarchical organization
B
Which of the following is true regarding working memory? A) Females have a larger working memory capacity then males. B) Young adults have a larger working memory capacity than children. C) Males have a larger working memory capacity than females. D) Children have a larger working memory capacity than adults.
B
Which of the following techniques is more likely to produce better long-term recall of information? A) massed practice B) distributed practice C) hierarchical organization D) mnemonics
B
Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?A) hippocampusB) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) amygdala
B
Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? A) recognitionB) recallC) relearning D) rehearsal
B
While shopping for groceries, Abby realized she had misplaced her shopping list. By mentally visualizing the aisles she had walked and the items she had looked at, she was able to recall the exact shelf space where she had placed the list. Her mental visualization most clearly involved A) iconic memory. B) working memory. C) implicit memory. D) automatic processing.
B
Words, images, and other bits of information used to access a stored memory are called A) LTPs. B) retrieval cues. C) memory traces. D) target stimuli.
B
After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates A) retrograde amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) anterograde amnesia. D) retroactive interference.
C
After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of A) procedural memory. B) the serial position effect. C) priming. D) flashbulb memory.
C
Alzheimer's disease begins with ________ and progresses into ________. A) speech deficits; damaged memory centers in the brain B) damaged memory centers in the brain; speech deficits C) difficulty remembering new information; an inability to complete daily tasks D) an inability to complete daily tasks; difficulty remembering new information
C
An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as A) the distribution system. B) mnemonics. C) connectionism. D) hierarchical organization.
C
By consciously rehearsing the facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions over the semester, you are most clearly taking advantage of A) proactive interference. B) hierarchical organization. C) distributed practice. D) automatic processing.
C
Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. A) working; long-term B) long-term; working C) implicit; explicit D) explicit; implicit
C
Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed. A) amygdala B) basal ganglia C) hippocampus D) cerebellum
C
Children reported false memories of taking a hot air balloon ride after viewing digitally altered photos of themselves and other family members involved in such an event. The children's reports best illustrated A) implicit memory. B) proactive interference. C) imagination inflation. D) retroactive interference.
C
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C) motivated forgetting. D) anterograde amnesia.
C
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires A) implicit memory. B) automatic processing. C) working memory. D) deep processing.
C
Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) effortful processing. D) the self-reference effect.
C
Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of A) distributed practice. B) the testing effect. C) deep processing. D) echoic memory.
C
Dramatic experiences that can trigger flashbulb memories are most likely to remain bright and clear in our conscious memories because they A) are automatically processed. B) involve classically conditioned associations. C) are frequently rehearsed. D) initiate a memory trace in the cerebellum.
C
During sleep, the brain consolidates information into ________ memory. A) working B) recognition C) long-term D) sensory
C
Encoding verbal information semantically involves A) shallow processing. B) echoic memory. C) deep processing. D) iconic memory.
C
Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Based on information provided in the text, it can be expected that half the participants will report experiencing A) the misinformation effect. B) anterograde amnesia. C) déjà vu. D) the spacing effect.
C
Explicit memories are A) classically conditioned associations that are automatically processed. B) memories of physical skills such as how to ride a bike. C) memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved. D) memories that are formed by massed practice rather than by distributed practice.
C
Explicit memory is also known as A) procedural memory. B) working memory. C) declarative memory. D) iconic memory.
C
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as A) episodic memory. B) state-dependent memory. C) semantic memory. D) procedural memory.
C
Information about where, when, and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be A) a working memory. B) an iconic memory. C) automatically processed. D) procedural memory.
C
Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates A) long-term potentiation. B) memory consolidation. C) the encoding specificity principle. D) the serial position effect.
C
Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your A) basal ganglia. B) hypothalamus. C) frontal lobes. D) cerebellum.
C
Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.A) workingB) short-term C) implicit D) sensory
C
Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of A) the encoding specificity principle. B) state-dependent memory. C) memory consolidation. D) the serial position effect.
C
Research on the storage of memory indicates that A) our brains can store new memories only if they discard some old memories. B) our capacity for storing information in our short-term working memory has no real limit. C) our brains distribute the components of a memory across a network of locations. D) once memories are consolidated in storage, they can never be forgotten.
C
Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that A) children are less susceptible to source amnesia than adults. B) children are no more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults. C) it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories. D) all of these statements are true.
C
Researchers observed that people exposed to very convincing arguments about the value of frequent toothbrushing tended to A) quickly forget the arguments if they were in the habit of brushing frequently. B) quickly forget the arguments if they were not in the habit of brushing frequently. C) exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. D) exaggerate how infrequently they had brushed their teeth in the past.
C
Retroactive interference involves the disruption of A) automatic processing. B) sensory memory. C) memory retrieval. D) effortful processing.
C
Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. During this entire minute or two their names were stored in her ________ memory.A) echoic B) implicit C) short-term D) iconic
C
Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves A) retroactive interference. B) memory decay. C) retrieval failure. D) anterograde amnesia.
C
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________. A) recognition; recall B) rehearsal; retrieval C) retention; acquisition D) explicit memory; implicit memory
C
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called A) repression. B) source amnesia. C) retroactive interference. D) anterograde amnesia.
C
The effortful processing of informationA) cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing.B) refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage. C) can become automatic through practice.D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.
C
The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is mostly likely due to a failure in A) retrieval. B) storage. C) encoding. D) implicit memory.
C
The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as A) priming. B) the encoding specificity principle. C) long-term potentiation. D) the serial position effect.
C
The last three steps of the SQ3R study technique are A) recognize, recall, and relearn.B) reason, research, and revise.C) read, retrieve, and review. D) repeat, reconsolidate, and rest.
C
The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among A) recall, recognition, and relearning. B) shallow processing, semantic processing, and deep processing. C) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. D) the self-reference effect, the spacing effect, and the testing effect.
C
The process of encoding refers to A) the persistence of learning over time. B) the recall of information previously learned. C) getting information into memory. D) a momentary sensory memory lasting less than a second.
C
The process of getting information out of memory is called A) encoding. B) relearning. C) retrieval. D) rehearsal.
C
The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of a nursemaid's thwarting his kidnapping after hearing false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates A) implicit memory. B) proactive interference. C) source amnesia. D) repression.
C
The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of A) long-term memory. B) implicit memory. C) short-term memory. D) sensory memory.
C
The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by A) encoding failure. B) automatic processing. C) retrieval failure. D) repression.
C
We lack conscious awareness of many procedural memories in part because of limited neural communication from the A) cerebellum to the basal ganglia. B) hippocampus to the frontal lobes. C) basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. D) amygdala to the hippocampus.
C
What type of information is NOT automatically processed? A) information about space B) information about frequency C) information about location D) information about time
C
When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants A) recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them. B) recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations. C) had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters. D) formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.
C
When Tony is in a bad mood, he more easily recalls his parents' critical comments than their encouraging ones. When he is in a good mood, he more easily recalls their encouraging comments than their critical ones. This best illustrates that our mood states influence the process of A) encoding.B) consolidation. C) retrieval.D) storage.
C
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?A) recognitionB) rehearsal C) recallD) relearning
C
When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the impact of A) automatic processing. B) distributed practice. C) semantic processing. D) echoic memory.
C
When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of A) anterograde amnesia. B) automatic processing. C) memory construction. D) proactive interference.
C
Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful memories of instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates A) procedural memory. B) long-term potentiation. C) mood-congruent memory. D) memory consolidation.
C
Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?A) recallB) recognition C) relearning D) recitation
C
Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?A) recognitionB) retrieval C) relearning D) recall
C
Which of the following is true regarding flashbulb memories? A) People lack confidence in their flashbulb memories. B) Flashbulb memories lack vividness. C) Flashbulb memories may contain errors because they are frequently rehearsed. D) Flashbulb memories explain why the reactions and skills we learned during infancy reach far into our future.
C
Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity? A) working memory B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) flashbulb memory
C
A flashbulb memory would typically be a(n) A) procedural memory. B) very recent memory. C) implicit memory. D) long-term memory.
D
A mnemonic is a A) sensory memory. B) test or measure of memory. C) long-term memory. D) memory aid.
D
A single word formed from the first letters of items you want to remember is called a(n) A) synonym. B) antonym. C) homonym. D) acronym.
D
After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of A) proactive interference. B) positive transfer. C) implicit memory. D) source amnesia.
D
After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent A) shallow processing. B) iconic memory. C) encoding failure. D) rehearsal.
D
After falling in love with Jill, Derrick verbally exaggerated how much he had liked her the first time they ever met. Later, Derrick's memory of his first impressions of Jill became increasingly more positive. This best illustratesA) proactive interference. B) the spacing effect.C) déjà vu.D) the misinformation effect.
D
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates A) infantile amnesia. B) flashbulb memory. C) the serial position effect. D) state-dependent memory.
D
After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of A) proactive interference. B) déjà vu. C) automatic processing. D) the misinformation effect.
D
After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her A) cerebellum. B) hypothalamus. C) basal ganglia. D) hippocampus.
D
Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ________ rarely, if ever, occurs. A) retrograde amnesia B) automatic processing C) source amnesia D) repression
D
Answering questions about what she had read in her psychology textbook improves Shauna's memory of the material more effectively than rereading the textbook material. This best illustrates A) the spacing effect. B) the self-reference effect. C) automatic processing. D) the testing effect.
D
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates A) retroactive interference. B) retrograde amnesia. C) source amnesia. D) proactive interference.
D
As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates A) infantile amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) implicit memory. D) source amnesia.
D
By activating the amygdala, stress hormones promote A) the production of propranolol.B) infantile amnesia.C) the serial position effect. D) long-term potentiation.
D
Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory. A) working B) echoic C) iconic D) implicit
D
Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play the piano. A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) hypothalamus D) basal ganglia
D
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn A) to ride a bike. B) to eat with a fork. C) a classically conditioned fear response. D) the names of newly introduced people.
D
Dating partners who fall in love tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met. Dating partners who break up tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met. A) underestimate; underestimate B) overestimate; overestimate C) underestimate; overestimate D) overestimate; underestimate
D
Déjà vu refers to the A) emotional arousal produced by proactive interference. B) tendency to remember experiences that were actually dreams. C) unconscious activation of particular associations in memory. D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.
D
During the day, Bekah learned a lot of information about World War II. During her sleep that night, memories of this history were transferred from her hippocampus to areas within her brain's cortex. This transfer best illustrates A) working memory. B) the spacing effect. C) episodic memory. D) memory consolidation.
D
Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially A) slow and subsequently stays slow. B) slow and subsequently speeds up. C) rapid and subsequently stays rapid. D) rapid and subsequently slows down.
D
Ebbinghaus found that memorizing familiar words required much less effort than memorizing nonsense syllables. This best illustrates the advantage of A) the spacing effect. B) implicit memory. C) acronyms. D) semantic processing.
D
Echoic memory refers to A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory. B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event. C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.
D
Effortful processing most clearly requires A) iconic memory. B) implicit memory. C) echoic memory. D) working memory.
D
Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing A) procedural memories. B) implicit memories. C) infantile amnesia. D) flashbulb memories.
D
Episodic memory is best described as ________ memory of _________. A) implicit; facts and general knowledge B) implicit; personally experienced events C) explicit; facts and general knowledge D) explicit; personally experienced events
D
Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory. A) sensory B) repressed C) working D) implicit
D
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory. A) short-termB) iconic C) procedural D) echoic
D
Hearing the word rabbit may lead people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as A) flashbulb memory. B) the serial position effect. C) encoding specificity. D) priming.
D
Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory. A) sensory; working B) working; sensory C) working; long-term D) long-term; working
D
Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet, then a simple question, then another letter, followed by another question, and so on. People who can consciously process and recall the most letters, despite such interruptions, are demonstrating effective A) echoic memory. B) procedural memory. C) implicit memory. D) working memory.
D
Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizesA) anterograde amnesia. B) encoding failure.C) proactive interference. D) retrieval failure.
D
Instead of simply repeating a series of numbers he wants to remember, David mentally associates the numbers with meaningful dates such as his friends' birthdays. This best illustrates A) chunking. B) automatic processing. C) procedural memory. D) deep processing.
D
Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what he has learned he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information. Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with A) iconic memory. B) encoding. C) echoic memory. D) retrieval.
D
Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure inA) storage.B) encoding. C) rehearsal. D) retrieval.
D
Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories A) was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. B) was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes. C) was restricted to their left and right temporal lobes. D) was not restricted to single, specific regions of the cortex.
D
Long-term memory refers to A) the conscious active processing of incoming visual and auditory information. B) the retention of learned facts rather than learned skills. C) a photographic or picture-image sensory memory. D) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
D
Long-term potentiation is believed to be A) a memory-blocking process triggered by high doses of propranolol. B) the cause of memory loss among patients with Alzheimer's disease. C) unnecessary for the formation of flashbulb memories. D) a neural basis for learning and memory.
D
Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated A) proactive interference. B) source amnesia. C) positive transfer. D) the misinformation effect.
D
Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory. A) encoding B) priming C) retrieval D) storage
D
Memory researchers have found that ________ is especially strong among members of individualist Western cultures. A) iconic memory B) the spacing effect C) echoic memory D) the self-reference effect
D
Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to A) motivated forgetting. B) the misinformation effect. C) retroactive interference. D) encoding failure.
D
People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize A) déjà vu. B) mnemonics. C) implicit memory. D) interference.
D
Proactive interference refers to the A) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness. B) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information. D) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
D
Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that A) people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten events. B) most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memory. C) only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliable. D) extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered.
D
Researchers have found that rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted.A) hypothalamusB) amygdala C) hippocampus D) cerebellum
D
Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.A) iconicB) working C) short-term D) implicit
D
Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates A) state-dependent memory. B) the encoding specificity principle. C) implicit memory. D) a recency effect.
D
Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates A) implicit memory. B) the self-reference effect. C) chunking. D) the spacing effect.
D
The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between A) proactive interference and retroactive interference. B) encoding failure and storage decay. C) infantile amnesia and source amnesia. D) explicit memory and implicit memory.
D
The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be creative problem solvers has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity. A) iconic B) implicit C) echoic D) working
D
The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our brain's capacity for A) massed practice. B) automatic processing. C) distributed practice. D) parallel processing.
D
The experience of emotionally stressful events is especially likely to promote A) nondeclarative memory. B) infantile amnesia. C) the serial position effect. D) tunnel vision memory.
D
To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that A) all our experiences are preserved somewhere in our minds. B) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. C) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse. D) adult memories of experiences happening before age 4 are unreliable.
D
To study the impact of practice on memory retention, Hermann Ebbinghaus practiced learning A) poems. B) names. C) short sentences. D) nonsense syllables.
D
Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of A) implicit memory. B) memory consolidation. C) the serial position effect. D) priming.
D
When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful A) memory trace. B) implicit memory. C) serial position effect. D) retrieval cue.
D
When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if A) they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions. B) after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. C) they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched. D) involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.
D
When viewing 2500 slides of faces and places for 10 seconds, participants were able to recognize ________ percent of the slides.A) 25B) 46 C) 75 D) 90
D
Which form of memory was NOT originally included in the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory? A) sensory memory B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) working memory
D
Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?A) rehearsalB) relearning C) recognition D) recall
D
Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage? A) hypothalamus B) basal ganglia C) cerebellum D) hippocampus
D
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? A) how to ride a bike B) how to drive a car C) how to tie our shoes D) who the current president is
D
Which of the following outlines the sequence of the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory? A) working memory short-term memory sensory memory B) short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory C) short-term memory working memory long-term memory D) sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory
D
Which of the following questions would best enable you to remember that you saw the word PEACH on today's test? A) Does the word rhyme with teach? B) Is the word italicized? C) Does the word contain five letters? D) Is the word a type of fruit?
D
While wandering through the streets of a foreign city for the first time, Maurice experienced a strange sense of familiarity with the city's landmarks as if he had been in this exact location before. His experience best illustrates A) anterograde amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) positive transfer. D) déjà vu.
D
Who of the following is likely to exhibit higher intelligence? A) Brandon, who can hold five items in working memory B) Andrew, who can hold four items in working memory C) Samantha, who can hold seven items in working memory D) Lee, who can hold nine items in working memory
D
Working memory is A) retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. B) retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know. C) the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. D) a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
D
You are most likely to automatically encode information about A) politicians' names. B) friends' birthdays. C) new web addresses. D) the sequence of your day's events.
D
