Chapter 8

Arrange these events in of reproductive HIV life cycle in chronological order with earliest events first

1. Attachment 2. Fusion/Entry 3.Reverse Transcription 4. Integration 5.biosynthesis/Assembly 6.Integration

Approximately whe proportion of the worlds human population has been exposed to TB?

1/3

Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the ______

1950's

Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the _

1950s

The nucleic acid packed inside an HIV particle consists of

2 molecules of single-stranded RNA

As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection world wide?

38 million

As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide

38 million

The incubation period of toberculosis from infection to (appearance of illnes) is relatively long, ranging from___

4 to 12 weeks

Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2019

690,000

Pandemic

A global epidemic

Epidemic

A higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time

Select all of the following that are true about a retrovirus

A retrovirus uses reverse transcription, it has RNA

HIV most likely originated on which continent

Africa

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is mainly spread by _

Airborne droplets

Outbreak

An epidemic that is confined to a local area

Because of the associated barriers to entry, which type of sexual behavior involves the most risk of transmission of HIV?

Anal Intercourse

HAART stands for highly active _____ therapy

Antiretroviral

Gonorrhea, step throat, tuberculosis, and syphilis are human diseases caused by _

Bacteria

Tuberculosis is caused by what type of microbe?

Bacterium

Bacteria reproduced by a process called _ fission

Binary

Protease

Breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins that

During the attachment phase of HIV replication, the gp120 spike profile of HIV attaches to what protein on a host cell surface?

CD4

The two essential components shared by all viruses are a core of nucleic acids surrounded by an outer _ formed from protein

Capsid

The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a _ that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces

Capsules

Biosynthesis

Cell produces viral RNA, and viral proteins

Which bacteria species produces a toxin that can cause all the muscles of the body to contract

Clostridium tetani

Many bacteria can use hollow appendages called pili to transfer DNA between cells in a process called _

Conjunction

Which of these features is unique to the retrovirus?

Convert viral RNA into DNA

Reverse transcriptase

Converts viral RNA into viral DNA

Spirillum is _ shaped

Curved or spiral

The genetic material of viruses can consist of which of these

DNA and RNA

Spike virus has a _ shape

Dumbbell (line coming out of DNA)

Prion diseases are most commonly transmitted by _

Eating infected brain or nerve tissue

Turberculosis is likely to be transmitted to caregivers and on long plane flights because ____

Exhaled bacteria can be infectious in the air for hours

True or false: Similar to cells, all viruses have DNA as their genetic material

False

True or false: The first documented case of AIDS caused by HIV infection in the United States was in a homosexual man who died in the early 1980s

False

Select all correct statements regarding highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

HAART includes a combination of antiretroviral drugs, HAART may reduce the viral load to undetectable levels.

Attachment

HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor

Capsid virus is a _

Inner inner circle (thick line making a circle)

Matrix is shaped like a _

Inner layer (think line making a circle)

Integrase

Inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

DNA virus is shaped like a _

Knot (in the center)

Most people infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis have bacteria within tubercles, but they lack symptoms and are not contagious. This condition is known as _________ tuberculosis.

Latent

What two types of human cells are infected by malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium

Liver cells, Red blood cells

Following exposure to HIV-infected cells, the first cells to be infected in a new host are usually ____

Macrophages

Select all diseases caused by prions

Mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapie in sheep

The vector of malaria is _____

Mosquito

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial species of the genus _____

Mycobacterium

Assembly

New viral particles are made

The genetic material of HIV is protected by 3 protein coats called

Nucleocapsid, matrix, capsid

Select the two essential components that all viruses have

Outer capsid and inner core with nucleic acid

Envelope virus is a/an _

Outer layer of the virus

Select all characteristics of viruses

Parasites of cells and Acellular

Of these four species of protists that cause malaria in humans, which one causes the most disease and death?

Plasmodium falciparum

The key factor that determines the distribution of malaria throughout the world is the ____

Presence of the mosquito vector

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mad cow disease, and scrapie in sheep are diseases caused by infectious particles called _

Prions

Infectious particles made of only proteins are called _

Prions

Prions are infectious particles made of _

Protein only

Once HIV RNA is reverse transcribed into HIV DNA and integrated into the DNA of a host cells, the viral DNAis called a(n)?

Provirus

Viruses infect a specific type of host cell because they bind to what type of molecule on the host cell suraface

Receptor

Viruses infect a specific type of host cell, because they bind to what type of molecule on the whole cell surface

Receptor

Although prion proteins are present in normal tissues, the disease causing forms are thought to lose their normal function, and to cause disease by

Refolding normal prion into a new shape

The process of HIV uncoating specifically refers to _____

Release of the HIV RNA and viral proteins from not a host cell

HIV belongs to which group of viruses, all of which use reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA

Retroviruses

The enzyme inside HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is _ transcriptase

Reverse

Bacillus is _ shaped

Rod

What is bacterial plasmid

Small circular piece of DNA separated from the bacterial chromosome

Coccus is _ shaped

Sphere

RNA virus has a _ shape

Squiggle line (in the center)

Malaria is most common in which part of the world?

Sub-Saharan-Africa

Which disease is due to a bacterial toxin that prevents muscle relaxation

Tetanus

What is the major factor that determines whether a person infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis remains in the latent stage,cor develops active TB?

The effectiveness of the immune response

Parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria, are transmitted _

Through a mosquito bite

True or False: Patients with latent tuberculosis often do not feel sick and are non-infectious

True

A characteristic feature of tuberculosis is the formation of small, hard modules called ____ in the lungs

Tubercles

Currently the number one cause of death i AIDS patients worldwide is _____

Tuberculosis

Select all human diseases that are caused by bacteria

Tuberculosis, strep throat, tetanus, syphilis

After HIV fuses with a host cell membrane, the capsid and protein coats are removed in a process specifically called _____

Uncoating

After HIV fuses with. Host cell membrane, the capsid and protein coats are removed in a process specifically called

Uncoating

A living organism such as a mosquito that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a _

Vector

The HIV provirus is defined as _____

Viral DNA inserted into the host genome

Integration

Viral DNA inserts into host cell genome

Reverse transcription

Viral RNA Genome is converted into dna

Fusion/entry

Viral envelope fuses with host cell, HIV RNA is released

Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is Acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving

Virus

Budding

Virus exits host cell

Order of a typical virus replication cycle

Virus interacts with receptor on host cell surface Viral DNA or RNA enters cell Viral proteins are translated Viral components, including the capsid, are assembled

Select the three signs or symptoms that are common in active tuberculosis.

Weight loss, chest pains, coughing up blood

During the attachment phase of HIV replication, what specific HIV protein attaches to CD4 on the surface of a helper T cell or a macrophage?

gp120

How is HIV classified?

retrovirus