Chapter 8
Arrange these events in of reproductive HIV life cycle in chronological order with earliest events first
1. Attachment 2. Fusion/Entry 3.Reverse Transcription 4. Integration 5.biosynthesis/Assembly 6.Integration
Approximately whe proportion of the worlds human population has been exposed to TB?
1/3
Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the ______
1950's
Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the _
1950s
The nucleic acid packed inside an HIV particle consists of
2 molecules of single-stranded RNA
As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection world wide?
38 million
As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide
38 million
The incubation period of toberculosis from infection to (appearance of illnes) is relatively long, ranging from___
4 to 12 weeks
Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2019
690,000
Pandemic
A global epidemic
Epidemic
A higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time
Select all of the following that are true about a retrovirus
A retrovirus uses reverse transcription, it has RNA
HIV most likely originated on which continent
Africa
The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is mainly spread by _
Airborne droplets
Outbreak
An epidemic that is confined to a local area
Because of the associated barriers to entry, which type of sexual behavior involves the most risk of transmission of HIV?
Anal Intercourse
HAART stands for highly active _____ therapy
Antiretroviral
Gonorrhea, step throat, tuberculosis, and syphilis are human diseases caused by _
Bacteria
Tuberculosis is caused by what type of microbe?
Bacterium
Bacteria reproduced by a process called _ fission
Binary
Protease
Breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins that
During the attachment phase of HIV replication, the gp120 spike profile of HIV attaches to what protein on a host cell surface?
CD4
The two essential components shared by all viruses are a core of nucleic acids surrounded by an outer _ formed from protein
Capsid
The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a _ that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces
Capsules
Biosynthesis
Cell produces viral RNA, and viral proteins
Which bacteria species produces a toxin that can cause all the muscles of the body to contract
Clostridium tetani
Many bacteria can use hollow appendages called pili to transfer DNA between cells in a process called _
Conjunction
Which of these features is unique to the retrovirus?
Convert viral RNA into DNA
Reverse transcriptase
Converts viral RNA into viral DNA
Spirillum is _ shaped
Curved or spiral
The genetic material of viruses can consist of which of these
DNA and RNA
Spike virus has a _ shape
Dumbbell (line coming out of DNA)
Prion diseases are most commonly transmitted by _
Eating infected brain or nerve tissue
Turberculosis is likely to be transmitted to caregivers and on long plane flights because ____
Exhaled bacteria can be infectious in the air for hours
True or false: Similar to cells, all viruses have DNA as their genetic material
False
True or false: The first documented case of AIDS caused by HIV infection in the United States was in a homosexual man who died in the early 1980s
False
Select all correct statements regarding highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
HAART includes a combination of antiretroviral drugs, HAART may reduce the viral load to undetectable levels.
Attachment
HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor
Capsid virus is a _
Inner inner circle (thick line making a circle)
Matrix is shaped like a _
Inner layer (think line making a circle)
Integrase
Inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA
DNA virus is shaped like a _
Knot (in the center)
Most people infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis have bacteria within tubercles, but they lack symptoms and are not contagious. This condition is known as _________ tuberculosis.
Latent
What two types of human cells are infected by malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium
Liver cells, Red blood cells
Following exposure to HIV-infected cells, the first cells to be infected in a new host are usually ____
Macrophages
Select all diseases caused by prions
Mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapie in sheep
The vector of malaria is _____
Mosquito
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial species of the genus _____
Mycobacterium
Assembly
New viral particles are made
The genetic material of HIV is protected by 3 protein coats called
Nucleocapsid, matrix, capsid
Select the two essential components that all viruses have
Outer capsid and inner core with nucleic acid
Envelope virus is a/an _
Outer layer of the virus
Select all characteristics of viruses
Parasites of cells and Acellular
Of these four species of protists that cause malaria in humans, which one causes the most disease and death?
Plasmodium falciparum
The key factor that determines the distribution of malaria throughout the world is the ____
Presence of the mosquito vector
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mad cow disease, and scrapie in sheep are diseases caused by infectious particles called _
Prions
Infectious particles made of only proteins are called _
Prions
Prions are infectious particles made of _
Protein only
Once HIV RNA is reverse transcribed into HIV DNA and integrated into the DNA of a host cells, the viral DNAis called a(n)?
Provirus
Viruses infect a specific type of host cell because they bind to what type of molecule on the host cell suraface
Receptor
Viruses infect a specific type of host cell, because they bind to what type of molecule on the whole cell surface
Receptor
Although prion proteins are present in normal tissues, the disease causing forms are thought to lose their normal function, and to cause disease by
Refolding normal prion into a new shape
The process of HIV uncoating specifically refers to _____
Release of the HIV RNA and viral proteins from not a host cell
HIV belongs to which group of viruses, all of which use reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA
Retroviruses
The enzyme inside HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is _ transcriptase
Reverse
Bacillus is _ shaped
Rod
What is bacterial plasmid
Small circular piece of DNA separated from the bacterial chromosome
Coccus is _ shaped
Sphere
RNA virus has a _ shape
Squiggle line (in the center)
Malaria is most common in which part of the world?
Sub-Saharan-Africa
Which disease is due to a bacterial toxin that prevents muscle relaxation
Tetanus
What is the major factor that determines whether a person infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis remains in the latent stage,cor develops active TB?
The effectiveness of the immune response
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria, are transmitted _
Through a mosquito bite
True or False: Patients with latent tuberculosis often do not feel sick and are non-infectious
True
A characteristic feature of tuberculosis is the formation of small, hard modules called ____ in the lungs
Tubercles
Currently the number one cause of death i AIDS patients worldwide is _____
Tuberculosis
Select all human diseases that are caused by bacteria
Tuberculosis, strep throat, tetanus, syphilis
After HIV fuses with a host cell membrane, the capsid and protein coats are removed in a process specifically called _____
Uncoating
After HIV fuses with. Host cell membrane, the capsid and protein coats are removed in a process specifically called
Uncoating
A living organism such as a mosquito that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a _
Vector
The HIV provirus is defined as _____
Viral DNA inserted into the host genome
Integration
Viral DNA inserts into host cell genome
Reverse transcription
Viral RNA Genome is converted into dna
Fusion/entry
Viral envelope fuses with host cell, HIV RNA is released
Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is Acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving
Virus
Budding
Virus exits host cell
Order of a typical virus replication cycle
Virus interacts with receptor on host cell surface Viral DNA or RNA enters cell Viral proteins are translated Viral components, including the capsid, are assembled
Select the three signs or symptoms that are common in active tuberculosis.
Weight loss, chest pains, coughing up blood
During the attachment phase of HIV replication, what specific HIV protein attaches to CD4 on the surface of a helper T cell or a macrophage?
gp120
How is HIV classified?
retrovirus