Chapter 8: Joints

hyaline

Articular cartilage is always ___________ cartilage.

muscles, origin, immoveable, insertion, moveable

Bones that form a joint are moved out of their position by contraction of _____________. Muscles always have a point of ___________ at the ____________ bone, and an __________ point attaching to the ______________ bone.

cartilaginous a) synchondroses, hyaline, synarthrotic b) symphyses, fibrocartilage, ampiarthrosis

If the bones are united by cartilage, the joint is called ________________. There are two types: a) In ____________ a bar or plate of ___________ cartilage unites the bones creating a _______________ joint. b) In ___________ hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of ________. This creates a strong and flexible __________ joint.

syndesmoses, ligaments, immovable (synarthrotic) , slightly moveable (amphiarthrotic)

In ___________ the bones are connected by bands of fibrous tissue called _____________. Movement in these joints varies from __________ to _____________ .

shapes, articular, minor, ligaments, number, location, tone

It takes stabilizing factors to keep synovial joints strong and fully functional. The _________ of the _______ surfaces is one factor, but it usually only plays a _________ role. ____________, their _______ and ____________ also play a minor role. But overall, the most important factor is the ____________ of muscles or tendons that cross a joint.

material, structural, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Joints can also be classified based on the ____________ binding bones together and wether or not a joint cavity is present. This is called _______________ classification and has three types of joints. What are they?

movement, functional

Joints can be classified based ont he amount of _______ allowed by the joint. This is called a _______ classification.

diarthrotic, moveable, synovial

Most joints of the body, including all joints of our limbs are ____________ ,or ____________ joints that are called ______________ joints.

frontal, sagittal, transverse a) nonaxial b) uniaxial c) biaxial d) multiaxial

Movements can occur along all three planes, _______, ___________, and __________. a) ______________ joints- slipping movements only b) ______________ joints- movement in one plane c) ______________ joints- movement in two planes d) ______________ joints- movement in or around all three planes

angular, sagittal, frontal

Movements that change the angle between connected bones are called ____________ movements. They can be subdivided into movements that occur along the _________ plane and movements that occur along the _______ plane.

hyaline (articular) cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, synovial cavity, reinforcing ligaments, rich nerve and blood vessel supply

Name the six distinguishing features of synovial joints.

a) flexion b) adduction c) circumduction d) extension e) abduction f) hyperextension

Name the six types of angular movement: a) decreases the angle of the joint b) movement toward the midline c) flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone d) increases the angle of the joint e) movement away from the midline f) excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

a) synarthrosis- none b) amphiarthrosis- slight c) diarthrosis- full

Name the three types of joints (based on functional classification) and their degrees of movement

a) capular, intrinsic b) extracapsular c) intracapsular

Name the three types of reinforcing ligaments: a) ___________ or __________ ligaments- part of the fibrous capsule b) ____________ ligaments- outside the capsule c) ____________ ligaments- deep to the capsule; covered by synovial membrane

hip, coxal, acetabulum, fibrocartilage, acetabular labrum, iliofemoral, ischialfemoral, pucofemoral, ligamentum teres, acetabulum, head femur

The ____ or ______ joint is the other multiaxial ball-and-socket joint of the body. Unlike the shoulder joint, which is rather unstable, the hip joint rarely dislocates due to the fact that its deep socket, the ________________, is enhanced by a circular ________________ ring called _____________ ___________ and the strength of the reinforcing ligaments: _______________, _________________, and the ____________________. The fourth ligament, the _______________, runs from the lower lip of teh _______________, to the center of the __________ of the _________. It's not a strong ligament but carries an artery that is important for the blood supply to the head.

lateral, medial tibiofemoral, femoral condyles, head, tibia, tibia., menisci, capsule, 12, bursae

The ______ and _________ ________________ joints connect the lateral and medial __________ _____________ with the articular surfaces of the _____ of the _______. Because the _____ articular surfaces are shallow and small there are two ________ on either side that increase the articular surface and help absorb mechanical stress. The joint ____________ capsule is thin, but reinforced by muscle tendons. There are at least ____ associated __________ around the knee joint.

quadriceps a) patellar ligament, apex , patella, tibial tuberosity b) medial, lateral patellar retinacula

The ________ tendon gives rise to three structures: a) The __________ which runs from the ____ of the ________ down to the ___________ _____________. b) The _______ and ________ ___________ _________ blend into the capsule and insert into the proximal tibia.

anterior cruciate, intercondylar area, tibia, medial, lateral, femur, forward, tibia, femur, hypertension

The _________ _______ ligament (ACL) stretches from the anterior ________________________. of the ________ to the ___________ side of the _____________ condyle of the __________. Its job is to prevent ____________ sliding of the _______ against the ______ and _______________ of the knee joint.

shoulder, glenohumeral, ball-and-socket, head, humerus, glenoid cavity, scapula, multiaxial, motion, stability, tempomandibular

The _________ joint is also called the __________________ joint because it's a _________________ joint formed by the ________ of the __________ and the ___________________ of the ___________. It's a multiaxial joint with an enormous range of ________. But this great mobility also means less ______________ and thus the shoulder joint is the second most easily dislocated joint behind the ________________ joint.

knee, 3, joint cavity, hinge, flexion, extension, rotation, partially flexed

The __________ joint is the largest and most complex joint of the body because it consists of ___ joints that are surrounded by a single ____________________. It's a modified __________ joint that allows for ______, _________, and a small degree of ____________ when the knee is _______________________.

femuropatellar, plane, articular, patella, femur

The ______________ joint is a _______________ joint between the ____________ surface on the posterior aspect of the ___________ and the distal end of the __________.

posterior cruciate, intercondylar, tibia, lateral, medial, femur, forward, femur, backward tibia

The ________________ ligament is stronger, which is one reason why there are fewer PCL injuries. it stretches from the posterior ___________ of the ______ to the _________ side of the _________ condyle of the _________. Its job is to prevent _______ sliding of the _______ or ________ sliding of the _______.

joint, outer, dense irregular, inner, loose, synovial fluid, hyaluronic, lubricate, nourish

The articular or __________ capsule consists of two layers, an ________ made of _______________ connective tissue, and an _______ of _______ connective tissue. The inner membrane secrets ________________, a viscous filtrate containing plasma and _____________ acid. Its job is to _______ the surface and to _________ the cartilage.

humerus, radius, ulna, hinge, trochlea, humerus, trochlear notch, ulna, head, anular, supination, pronation, ulnar, radial, tricep, bicep

The elbow joint is formed by three bones: _______, _________, and _________. It's a strong ________ joint that is formed mainly by the _________ of the _________ and the __________ _________ of the ________. the radius doesn't contribute much to the joint, but its _______ rotates within the ________ ligament during _________ and _________ of the forearm. Two collateral ligaments, the _______ and _________ collateral ligament reinforce the capsule and restrict sid-to-side movement. The joint is also stabilized, by tendons, such as the _____ and _______ tendons that cross the joint.

cruciate, outside, synovial

The intracapsular ligaments are called _________ ligaments, because they cross each other's path when looked at from the front. Although they are inside the capsule they are ____________ the ____________ cavity.

capsular, intracapsular, extracapsular, lateral, fibular collateral, medial, tibial collateral, medial, medial

The knee joint is the only joint with all three types of ligaments: _____________, _______________, and _____________. the _____ or _________ __________ ligament (LCL) is the outer extracapsular ligament, the ________ or _______ ____________ ligament (MCL) the inner extracapsular ligament. Because the MCL has fibers that insert into the __________ meniscus, MCL injuries often involve damage to the ___________ meniscus as well.

tempmandibular, TMJ, mandible, temporal, articular a) elevation, depression, TMJ b) lateral excursion

The only freely moveable joint in the skull is the _____________________ or _______. it connects the ____________ with the inferior surface of the __________ bone. The joint cavity is subdivided by an ________ disc, which turns the TMJ into a joint with two types of movement: a) __________ and __________ of the mandible _______ joint b) ___________________, side to side grinding movement

rotation, axis (c1), atlas (c2)

The turning of a bone around its own long axis is called ___________. We find that kind of movement beween the _________ and __________ cervical vertebrae.

six a) planar, slipping, gliding b) hinge, extension, uniaxial c) pivot, uniaxial, rounded d) condyloid, ellipsoidal, biaxial, angular e) saddle, concave, convex, biaxial, greater f) ball-and-socket, multiaxial, hip, shoulder

There are _______ types of synovial joints based on the shape of the articular surfaces of the joint-forming bones a) ________ joints have flat articular surfaces. They are __________ joints that allow for short ___________ movements only. b) _________ joints allow flexion and ________ only, which makes them __________ joints. c) _________ joints are _________ joints too. They are created by they _________ end of one bone being surrounded by a sleeve or ring of another bone. d) If the articular surfaces of all joint-forming are oval, the joint is a ___________ or _____________ joint. It is a _____________ joint that permits all ____________ movements. e) In ________ joints, both articular surfaces have ___________ and ___________ areas, giving this _________ joint _________ freedom of movement than a condyloid joint. f) The most freely movable joints are ____________________ joints. They permit motion in three planes making them ___________ joints. The only examples in the human body are the _______ and _______ joints.

coracohumeral, coracoid, scapula, humerus, glenohumeral, 4, long, bicep, superior, glenoid, jumerus, intertubercular, rotator cuff, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

There are some reinforcing ligaments, like the ___________ ligament between the _______ process of the _______ and the proximal ________ and the three _________________ ligaments that strengthen the front of the capsule. Still, the major stabilizers are __ muscle tendons. The tendon of the ____ head of the _____ muscle runs from the _______ margin of the ________ cavity over the head of the __________ and then through the _____________________ groove. The other 4 tendons form the so-called __________ _______ that encircles the joint. They are the tendons of the ______________, _____________, ______________, and ___________ muscles.

bursae, synovial membranes, synovial fluid, ligaments, muscles, tendons, skin, bones, tendon sheaths

There are two types of friction-reducing structures. _____________ are flattened fibrous sacs lined with _________, thus they contain _____________. They are found where structures such as ____________, ____________, _____________, ____________, or ____________, rub together. Elongated bursae that wrap around tendons are called ___________________.

supination

Turning the hand backward

joint, articulation

Where two or bones meet

sutures, skull, synostoses

________ are rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers. They are found mainly in the ___________. They are known as Fontanels in babies, but later in life these ossify and then are called ______________.

gomphoses, peg in socket, teeth, periodontal

__________ are the ____________ joints that keep our _______ in the alveolar sockets. the teeth are held in place by the ___________ ligament.

gliding, intercarpal, intertarsal, articular processses, vertebral

a ___________ movement happens when one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. This type of movement is found in the _____________ joints at the base of the hand, the ____________ joints of the foot, and the joints between the ________________ of the ____________ column.

protraction

anterior movement in a transverse plane

elevation

lifting a body part superiorly

opposition

movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers

depression

moving a body part inferiorly

plantarflexion

moving the foot downward

dorsiflexion

moving the foot upward

retraction

posterior movement in a transverse plane

pronation

turning the hand forward

eversion

turning the sole laterally

inversion

turning the sole medially