Chapter 8- Joints

Describe the key components of a synovial joint, and identify their functions.

1. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: covers bones at joint. structure resembles hyaline cartilage, but no perichondrium. matrix contains more water, than other cartilages. 2. JOINT CAPSULE: sac enclosing the articular ends of the bones in a joint. reinforced with accessory structues (tendons/ligaments). continuous with teh periosteum of each bone..adds strength & mobility to the joint. 3. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE: lines the interior of the joint capsule. secretes synovial fluid into the... 4.JOINT CAVITY: fluid lubricates, cushions, prevents abrasion, & supports chondrocytes. total quantity of synovial fluid usually less than 3 mL

compare a bulging disc with a herniated disc

A bulging disc is an intervertebral disc disease. It is caused by weakened posterior ligaments. Allowing compression of nucleus pulposus and distortion of anulus fibrosus; tough outer layer of cartilage bulges laterally. In a herniated disc, nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus & protrudes into the vertebral canal, compressing spinal nerves.

63) Which of the following is not a joint of the appendicular skeleton? A) atlanto-occipital B) talocrural C) knee D) humero-ulnar E) acromioclavicular

A) atlanto-occipital

28) Small pockets of synovial fluid that reduce friction and act as a shock absorber where ligaments and tendons rub against other tissues are called A) bursae. B) fat pads. C) articular cartilages. D) menisci. E) scapulae.

A) bursae.

36) The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are ________ joints. A) condylar B) saddle C) pivot D) hinge E) ball-and-socket

A) condylar

81) The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments. A) cruciate B) fibular collateral C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibial collateral

A) cruciate

57) Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food? A) elevation B) abduction C) flexion D) pronation E) circumduction

A) elevation

24) What type of tissue occurs at the structure labeled "3"? A) fibrocartilage B) synovial membrane C) hyaline cartilage D) bone tissue E) dense connective tissue

A) fibrocartilage

12) Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to A) fibrocartilage. B) dense regular connective tissue. C) periodontal ligament. D) rigid cartilaginous bridge. E) completely fused.

A) fibrocartilage.

83) Contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in A) flexion of the forearm. B) extension of the forearm. C) abduction of the forearm. D) adduction of the forearm. E) rotation of the shoulder.

A) flexion of the forearm.

80) The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is the A) humero-ulnar joint. B) ulnar joint. C) ulnoradial joint. D) radial joint. E) humeroradial joint.

A) humero-ulnar joint.

41) Bending at the neck to look up at the starts would ________ the neck. A) hyperextend B) hyperflex C) flex D) extend E) laterally flex

A) hyperextend

76) Which of the following is improperly matched? A) nursemaid's elbow — iliofemoral ligament B) hyperextension of the knee — anterior cruciate ligament C) hyperflexion of the knee — posterior cruciate ligament D) shoulder separation — acromioclavicular ligament E) bulging disc — nucleus pulposus

A) nursemaid's elbow — iliofemoral ligament

55) Which of the following movements is a good example of depression? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme backward bending of the head D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers

A) opening the mouth

30) The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a ________ joint. A) saddle B) plane C) condylar D) hinge E) pivot

A) saddle

4) A suture is an example of a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) symphysis. D) diarthrosis. E) amphiarthrosis.

A) synarthrosis

1) An immovable joint is a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) syndesmosis. E) symphysis.

A) synarthrosis.

8) A ligamentous connection such as an interosseous ligament is termed a A) syndesmosis. B) symphysis. C) synchondrosis. D) synostosis. E) gomphosis.

A) syndesmosis.

75) The elbow joint is extremely stable because A) the ulna and humerus interlock. B) the articular capsule is thin. C) the capsule lacks ligaments. D) several muscles support the joint capsule. E) the joint lacks bursae.

A) the ulna and humerus interlock.

86) ________ is a general term for pain and stiffness that affects the skeletal or muscular system. A) Articulitis B) Rheumatism C) Osteoporosis D) Rheumatic fever E) Rheumatitis

B) Rheumatism

40) A movement away from the midline of the body is termed A) inversion. B) abduction. C) adduction. D) flexion. E) extension.

B) abduction.

20) Identify the structure at label "1." A) meniscus B) bursa C) articular cartilage D) synovial membrane E) joint cavity look at study guide

B) bursa

3) A freely movable joint is a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) syndesmosis. E) symphysis.

B) diarthrosis.

61) The movement of a body part upward is called A) eversion. B) elevation. C) depression. D) inversion. E) retraction.

B) elevation.

27) Usually found outside the capsule, ________ protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint. A) menisci B) fat pads C) patellar ligaments D) capsular ligaments E) tendons

B) fat pads

72) The glenoid fossa is rimmed by the fibrocartilaginous A) ligamentum flavum. B) glenoid labrum. C) nucleus pulposus. D) ligamentum teres. E) coracoid process.

B) glenoid labrum.

11) The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a A) suture. B) gomphosis. C) synchondrosis. D) synostosis. E) None of the answers is correct.

B) gomphosis.

39) A joint that permits only flexion and extension is a ________ joint. A) saddle B) hinge C) pivot D) plane E) ball-and-socket

B) hinge

15) Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? A) shock absorption B) increasing osmotic pressure within joint C) lubrication D) providing nutrients E) protecting articular cartilages

B) increasing osmotic pressure within joint

58) The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called A) inversion. B) medial (internal) rotation. C) lateral (external) rotation. D) eversion. E) protraction.

B) medial (internal) rotation.

51) To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called A) rotation. B) opposition. C) circumduction. D) eversion. E) retraction.

B) opposition.

31) Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones? A) saddle B) plane C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) pivot

B) plane

47) Which foot movement enables a ballerina to stand on her toes? A) dorsiflexion B) plantar flexion C) inversion D) rotation E) eversion

B) plantar flexion

32) The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________ joint. A) hip B) shoulder C) elbow D) knee E) wrist

B) shoulder

56) Which of the following movements is a good example of supination? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme backward bending of the head D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers

B) turning the hand palm upward

what can a person do to slow the progression of arthritis?

By engaging in regular exercise, doing physical therapy, and taking anti-inflammatory drugs.

85) Which of the following does not occur when the articular cartilage is damaged? A) The matrix begins to break down. B) The exposed surface changes to a rougher feltwork. C) Friction in the joint decreases. D) Increase in pain. E) Normal synovial joint function is compromised.

C) Friction in the joint decreases.

2) A slightly movable joint is a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) gomphosis. E) synostosis.

C) amphiarthrosis.

25) Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints? A) freely movable B) reinforced by accessory structures C) covered by a serous membrane D) contain synovial fluid E) covered by a capsule

C) covered by a serous membrane

62) The movement of a body part downward is called A) eversion. B) elevation. C) depression. D) inversion. E) retraction.

C) depression.

7) A synovial joint is an example of a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) amphiarthrosis. C) diarthrosis. D) symphysis. E) syndesmosis.

C) diarthrosis.

54) A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as A) inversion. B) plantar flexion. C) eversion. D) dorsiflexion. E) None of the answers is correct.

C) eversion.

45) Nodding your head "yes" is an example of A) lateral and medial rotation. B) circumduction. C) flexion and extension. D) pronation and supination. E) protraction and retraction.

C) flexion and extension.

35) The ankle joint is an example of a ________ joint. A) condylar B) saddle C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) plane

C) hinge

22) Identify the structure labeled "5." A) serous membrane B) synovial membrane C) joint capsule D) periosteum E) intracapsular ligament look at study guide

C) joint capsule

59) The movement of rotating a limb outward is called A) inversion. B) medial (internal) rotation. C) lateral (external) rotation. D) eversion. E) protraction.

C) lateral (external) rotation.

21) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) serous membrane B) synovial membrane C) meniscus D) periosteum E) intracapsular ligament look at study guide

C) meniscus

82) Muscles that extend the elbow attach to the A) coronoid process. B) radial tuberosity. C) olecranon process. D) medial epicondyle. E) lateral epicondyle.

C) olecranon process.

77) The ligament that provides support to the front of the knee joint is the ________ ligament. A) anterior cruciate B) posterior cruciate C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibial collateral

C) patellar

37) All of the following are structural classifications of synovial joints except A) hinge. B) plane. C) rolling. D) saddle. E) pivot.

C) rolling.

5) An epiphyseal line is an example of a A) gomphosis. B) synchondrosis. C) synostosis. D) symphysis. E) syndesmosis.

C) synostosis.

10) Joints are classified by the A) range of motion. B) structure. C) type of movement. D) amount of cartilage present. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) type of movement.

23) Which structure acts as a cushion and consists of fibrocartilage? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 look at study guide

D) 4

14) Functionally, the pubic symphysis is classified as a(n) ________ articulation. A) synarthrotic B) amphiarthrotic C) diarthrotic D) Cartilaginous

D) Cartilaginous

87) ________ is also known as degenerative joint disease. A) Atherosclerosis B) Rheumatism C) Osteoporosis D) Osteoarthritis E) Osteopenia

D) Osteoarthritis

67) Which of the following statements is false? A) Five major ligaments help stabilize the shoulder joint. B) The shapes of the articulating surfaces within the joint help prevent movement in a particular direction and strengthen and stabilize the joint. C) The tighter two bones are held together within a joint, the stronger the joint. D) The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint. E) The tension produced by muscle tendons surrounding a joint help stabilize the joint.

D) The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint.

74) A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the A) greater trochanter. B) glenoid labrum. C) nucleus pulposus. D) acetabular labrum. E) ischial tuberosity.

D) acetabular labrum.

17) Bursae can be found in all of the following areas except A) tendons. B) ligaments. C) within connective tissue exposed to friction or pressure. D) around blood vessels. E) around many synovial joints.

D) around blood vessels.

13) The location where two bones meet is called a joint, or an A) adduction. B) appendix. C) amphiarthrosis. D) articulation. E) insertion.

D) articulation.

71) Which of the following athletes are at greatest risk of developing a shoulder injury? A) tennis players B) basketball players C) runners D) baseball pitchers E) golfers

D) baseball pitchers

73) The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint. A) acromioclavicular B) sacroiliac C) humero-ulnar D) glenohumeral E) vertebrocostal

D) glenohumeral

29) The elbow joint is an example of a ________ joint. A) saddle B) plane C) condylar D) hinge E) pivot

D) hinge

84) Which of the following does not help stabilize the knee joint? A) anterior cruciate ligament B) medial collateral ligament C) posterior cruciate ligament D) iliofemoral ligament E) popliteal ligament

D) iliofemoral ligament

44) Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme backward bending of the head D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers

D) moving the hand toward the shoulder

34) The intercarpal articulations are ________ joints. A) saddle B) condylar C) hinge D) plane E) ball-and-socket

D) plane

60) You ________ your jaw when you grasp your upper lip with your lower teeth. A) invert B) evert C) adduct D) protract E) hyperextend

D) protract

65) A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by A) loss of annulus fibrosis elasticity. B) slippage of the fibrocartilage disc. C) ossification of the vertebral disc. D) protrusion of the nucleus pulposus. E) transformation of fibrocartilage to hyaline cartilage.

D) protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

50) Many gyms feature weightlifting machines called "adductor machines" that are used to strengthen the thighs. If you were to work out on one of these, what would you be doing? A) twisting both thighs to the left, then to the right B) lifting both thighs upward C) pushing both thighs outward, separating your knees as far as you can D) pulling both thighs inward toward a center point, bringing your knees together E) None of the answers is correct.

D) pulling both thighs inward toward a center point, bringing your knees together

53) All of the following are associated with the joints of the vertebral column except A) syndesmoses. B) synchondroses. C) synovial. D) saddle joint. E) pivot joint.

D) saddle joint.

48) The movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are limited to the A) radiocarpal joint. B) hip joint. C) glenohumeral. D) talocrural. E) sacroliliac.

D) talocrural.

what signs and symptoms would you expect in a person who has damaged the menisci of the knee joint?

Decreases the joint's stability, if a person had to stand for a long time the muscles would fatigue and the knee would "give out", and it also would cause pain.

16) Which of the following is not a characteristic of articular cartilage? A) There is no perichondrium. B) The matrix contains more water than other cartilages. C) Surfaces are normally slick and smooth. D) It is composed of hyaline cartilage. E) It increases friction during movement.

E) It increases friction during movement.

26) ________ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces. A) Cruciate ligaments B) Synovia C) Bursae D) Capsular ligaments E) Menisci

E) Menisci

66) Which ligament connects the clavicle and the acromion? A) coracohumeral B) coraco-acromial C) coracoclavicular D) glenohumeral E) acromioclavicular

E) acromioclavicular

68) Which of the following ligaments is not associated with the hip joint? A) iliofemoral ligament B) pubofemoral ligament C) ischiofemoral ligament D) ligamentum teres E) anterior cruciate ligament

E) anterior cruciate ligament

88) Arthritis always involves damage to A) synovial membranes. B) diarthroses. C) menisci. D) bursae. E) articular cartilage.

E) articular cartilage.

69) Which of the following ligaments assists in stabilizing the shoulder joint? A) coraco-acromial B) subscapularis C) coracoclavicular D) All of the answers are correct. E) both coraco-acromial and coracoclavicular

E) both coraco-acromial and coracoclavicular

18) The surface of articular cartilage is A) slick. B) flat. C) smooth. D) rough. E) both slick and smooth.

E) both slick and smooth.

49) The two little girls who hold and move the rope in jump-rope are performing what action? A) dorsiflexion B) extension C) rotation D) plantar flexion E) circumduction

E) circumduction

33) The radiocarpal joint is a(n) ________ joint. A) saddle B) immovable C) hinge D) plane E) condylar

E) condylar

46) Lifting a stone with the tip of the foot is A) circumduction. B) eversion. C) inversion. D) plantar flexion. E) dorsiflexion.

E) dorsiflexion.

6) Dense connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n) A) amphiarthrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) synostosis. D) synchondrosis. E) gomphosis.

E) gomphosis.

38) Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? A) elbow B) knee C) ankle D) wrist E) hip

E) hip

42) An extension past the anatomical position is known as A) double jointed. B) extension. C) flexion. D) rotation. E) hyperextension.

E) hyperextension.

52) A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, termed A) eversion. B) protraction. C) dorsiflexion. D) plantar flexion. E) inversion.

E) inversion.

64) The joints between vertebrae are examples of ________ joints. A) saddle B) pivot C) condylar D) hinge E) plane

E) plane

78) The back of the knee joint is reinforced by ________ ligaments. A) tibial collateral B) anterior cruciate C) posterior cruciate D) patellar E) popliteal

E) popliteal

70) A factor that does not increase the stability of the hip joint include A) strong muscular padding. B) tough capsule. C) almost complete bony socket. D) supporting ligaments. E) shallow socket.

E) shallow socket.

43) Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme backward bending of the head D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers

E) spreading the fingers

9) Which of the following is not one of the four major types of synarthrotic joints? A) suture B) gomphosis C) synchondrosis D) synostosis E) syndesmosis

E) syndesmosis

19) Which of the following is not considered to be an accessory synovial structure? A) fat pads B) menisci C) ligaments D) bursae E) synovial membrane

E) synovial membrane

79) The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament. A) cruciate B) fibular collateral C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibial collateral

E) tibial collateral

How are osteoarthritis and rheumatism different?

Osteoarthritis is a "wear-and-tear" disease seen usually in the elderly. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks synovial joints, triggered by an infection or some other cause.

Why is the inferior region of the shoulder joint most vulnerable to dislocate?

The anterior, superior, and posterior surfaces of the shoulder joint are reinforced by ligaments, muscles, and tendons, but the inferior capsule is poorly reinforced. As a result, a dislocation caused by an impact or a violent muscle contraction is most likely to occur at this site. Such a dislocation can tear the inferior capsular wall and the glenoid labrum.

Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid cause degeneration of articular cartilages in the affected joint?

nutrients would not be delivered to meet the tissue's needs and wastes would accumulate, damage and ultimately death of cells in the tissue Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, provides nutrients for the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage, and helps to absorb shocks in the joints.

what common age-related factors contribute to vertebral fractures in the elderly?

osteopenia: inadequate ossification leading to loss of bone mass, occurs between ages 30-40, more severe in women than men. osteoporosis: bone loss sufficient to affect normal function. -loss of bone mass along with reduced cushioning of intervertebral discs, leads to increasing incidence of vertebral fractures in elderly.