Chapter 8 Joints multiple choice/matching and short answers

Match the key terms to the appropriate descriptions (a) fibrous joints (b) cartilaginous joints (c) synovial joints ______(1) exhibit a joint cavity ______(2) types are sutures and syndesmoses ______(3) bones connected by collagen fibres _____(4) types include synchondroses and symphyses _____(5) all are diarthrotic _____(6) many are amphiarthrotic _____(7) bones connected by a disc of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage _____(8) nearly all are synarthrotic _____(9) shoulder,hip, jaw and elbow joints

(1) c synovial joint (2) a fibrous joints (3) a fibrous joints (4) b cartilaginous joints (5) c synovial joints (6) b cartilaginous joints (7) b cartilaginous joints (8) a fibrous joints (9) c synovial

define joint

A joint is a place where two or more bones meet.

compare the structure, function, and common body locations of bursae and tendon sheaths.

Bursae are also synovial membrane-lined sacs that prevent friction between the bone. They are located where ligaments, muscles, joints, skin, and where tendons overlie. The friction reducing structures called tendon sheaths.

how does rotation differ from circumduction

Circumduction is the circular movement of a limb. An example of this would be an arm, with the palm facing the same direction, as the arm describes a circular motion. Rotation is the turning around the axis. For an arm, the limb would remain in place, but the palm would face in different directions as the arm is.

discus the relative value of immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.

Freely movable joints allow flexibility, slightly movable joints provide strength with limited flexibility, and immovable joints provide a strong base of support with secure enclosures and offer maximum joint protection.

Joint movements may be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial. define each.

Joints can be classified as nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial. These terms are described below; Nonaxial: These joints do not have a pivot or axis of movement. Example: gliding/plane joints. This type of joint doesn't allow for much movement other than sliding and twisting. Uniaxial: These joints allow movement in only one plane. Example: elbow Biaxial: These joints allow for movement in two planes. Example: wrist (allows side-to-side adduction and abduction movement, as well as forward-and-backward flexion and extension movement). A common misconception is confusing a biaxial joint with a multiaxial joint, because if you combine the two movements in sequence the joint appears to be rotating in all planes. Multiaxial: These joints allow for movement in any plane. Unlike biaxial joints, multiaxial joints allow for rotation. Example: shoulder

why are sprains and cartilage injuries a particular problem

Sprain and cartilage injuries present problems as ligaments heal slowly due to poor vascularization, and sprains tend to be painful and immobilizing (leaving you unable to move proficiently).

the knee has been called "a beauty and a beast" provide several reason that might explain the negative part of this description

The knee has been associated as a beauty due to its vital function; having strong muscles and lots of ligaments to hold things together. However, although important, the "beast" phrase comes in due to the meniscus being partially attached to the knee, ligaments that heal slowly, unprotected ligaments that are prone to injury, having only one capsule for three joints, and synovial fluid prone to leaks.

what is the specific role of the menisci of the knee? of the anterior and posterior curciate ligaments?

The specific roles the menisci perform include; transferring the load from the upper leg to the lower leg, and stabilizing the knee during flexion, extension and circular movements. The anterior cruciate ligament, more commonly known as ACL, is in the middle of the knee. It prevents the skin bone from sliding out in front of the thigh bone. The posterior cruciate ligament, PCL, works alongside the ACL, preventing the skin bone from sliding backwards under the femur. Just remember, the POSTERIOR cruciate ligament is in the back, and the ANTERIOR cruciate ligament is in the front.

name two types of uni, bi, and multiaxial joints.

Uniaxial joints include pivot and hinge joints. Biaxial joints include saddle and condyloid joints. Multiaxial joints include ball and socket and our neck.

Freely movable joints are a) synarthroses b) diarthroses c) amphiarthroses

b) diarthroses

The description "Articular surfaces deep and secure;capsule heavily reinforced by ligaments and muscle tendons; extremely stable joint" best describes a) the elbow joint b) the hip joint c) the knee joint d) the shoulder joint

b) the hip joint

compare and contrast the paired movements of flexion and extension with adduction and abduction

bduction and adduction are motions of the limbs in the coronal plane of movement. Such movements include moving the limb away from the body. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the body (such as moving your arm away from body). Adduction brings the limb medially towards the body (such as moving your arm to your side). Flexion and extension are movements that take place within the sagittal plane, and involve anterior or posterior movements of the limbs. Flexion is an anterior (forward) motion, such as bending your vertebral column forward. Extension is a posterior (backward) motion, such as bending your vertebral column backward. In short terms, abduction and adduction involves the movement of limbs away from the body and towards the body (lateral to medial, or, medial to lateral). Flexion and extension involves the movement of limbs forward and backward (anatomical position to anterior, or, anatomical position to posterior).

Factors that influence the stability of a synovial joints include all except a) shape of articular surfaces b) presence of strong reinforcing ligaments c) tone of surrounding muscles d) all of these

d) all of these

Ankylosis means a) twisting of the ankle b) tearing of ligaments c) displacement of a bone d) immobility of a joint due to fusion of its articular surfaces

d) immobility of a joint due to fusion of its articular surfaces

Anatomical characteristics shared by all synovial joints include all except a) articular cartilage b) a joint cavity c) an articular capsule d) presence of fibrocartilage

d) presence of fibrocartilage

An autoimmune disorder in which joints are affected bilaterally and which involves pannus Formation and gradual joint immobilization is a) bursitis b) gout c) osteoarthritis d) rheumatoid arthritis

d) rheumatoid arthritis

list the unctions of the following elements of a synoival joint: fibrous layer of the capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage.

he following terms are paired with their functions; Fibrous layer of the capsule: Consists of two layers that secrete the the lubricating, shock-absorbing, and joint-nourishing synovial fluid. Synovial fluid: Synovial fluid in joints act as lubrication and friction protection. Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage functions as a shock absorber and friction reducer.