Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System

What holds bones ends together within a fibrous joint?

Dense connective tissue

Bending your knee is an example of what type of movement?

Flexion

What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints?

Hyaline cartilage

Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from?

It is secreted by the synovial membrane.

What connects two bones together in a synovial joint?

Ligaments

Using this generalized diagram of a synovial joint, identify the layer indicated by the arrows.

Synovial membrane

True or False: Synovial joints are freely movable and are therefore classified as diarthrotic joints.

True

The word root ______ means ring and the word root ______ means bag or purse.

anul-; burs-

The bone ends within a ______ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.

fibrous

Bending your elbow is an example of ______ a joint.

flexing

The synovial ______ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints.

membrane

A freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is classified as a ______ joint.

synovial

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ______ cartilage.

articular

A functional junction between bones is called a(n) ______.

articulation

In general, wherever two bones come together, a junction called a(n) ______ is formed.

articulation or joint

The joint, or articular, ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.

capsule

Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ______ each other.

closer to

There are six major types of synovial joints based on their shapes and the movements they permit: ball-and-socket joints, ______ joints, plane joints, ______ joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints.

condylar; hinge

Synovial joints are freely movable, and therefore are classified as ______ joints.

diarthrotic

Straightening a bent knee is an example of ______ of a joint.

extension

The movement that results in straightening a bent elbow is an example of ______.

extension or extending

Extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ______.

farther from each other

The hip joint consists of the head of the ______ and the acetabulum of the pelvis.

femur

The elbow joint contains two articulations. The articulation between the trochlea and trochlear notch is a ______ joint.

hinge

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The articulating surface that is in the shape of a "ball" is the head of the ______. The "socket" is formed by the ______ cavity of the scapula.

humerus; glenoid

The rounded head of the ______ articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the ______ to form the shoulder joint.

humerus; scapula

Extending a joint beyond anatomical position is referred to as ______ of a joint.

hyperextension

When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______.

insertion

The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.

joint capsule

The menisci found in some synovial joints are attached to the ______ at the periphery of the joint cavity.

joint capsule

Changes in collagen in joints due to aging results in ______.

joint stiffness

The femoropatellar articulation is part of the ______ joint.

knee

At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ______ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.

ligaments

Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called ______.

menisci

Hyperextension is ______.

movement beyond anatomical position

The synovial membrane synthesizes ______.

synovial fluid

In the knee joint, the femur articulates with the ______ and the ______.

tibia; patella

The knee joint includes two articulations. Indicate the articulations that are part of the knee joint.

- Articulation between the femur and the patella - Articulation between the tibia and the femur

What two bony structures articulate to make the shoulder joint?

- Glenoid cavity of the scapula - Head of the humerus

The hip joint is an articulation between what two bony structures?

- Head of femur - Acetabulum of pelvis

Choose all the features of the synovial membrane.

- It may have villi, folds, and projections - It can store adipose tissue. - It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. - It is only a few cells thick.

Choose the three components of a typical synovial joint.

- Synovial membrane - Joint capsule - Articular cartilage

The inner layer of a joint capsule is the ______ ______, a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue.

synovial; membrane

Identify three types of synovial joints.

- Condylar - Ball-and-socket - Plane

Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid.

- It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage. - It moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in the joint. - It contains stem cells.

Where is articular cartilage located?

Covering bone ends in a synovial joint

Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint. Instructions

A : Fibrous capsule B : Synovial membrane C : Articular cartilage D : Synovial fluid

What type of joint connect bones with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage?

A cartilaginous joint

What type of articulation forms between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus in the elbow joint?

A plane articulation

Match the word part with the correct definition.

Anul- : Ring Burs- : Bag, purse Glen- : Joint socket

True or false: The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion.

False

What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging?

Joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure

Describe the location of synovial membranes.

Lining joint capsules

Which of these structures functions to lubricate the joint and nourish the structures in the joint? It also contains stem cells for tissue repair.

Synovial fluid

A movement which decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called ______.

flexion or flexing

Match the articulating surfaces to the correct articulation in the elbow joint.

Articulation between humerus and ulna : Trochlea of the humerus / Trochlear notch of the ulna Articulation between humerus and radius : Capitulum of the humerus / Fovea of the radius

A movement which increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint.

extension