Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System
What holds bones ends together within a fibrous joint?
Dense connective tissue
Bending your knee is an example of what type of movement?
Flexion
What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints?
Hyaline cartilage
Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from?
It is secreted by the synovial membrane.
What connects two bones together in a synovial joint?
Ligaments
Using this generalized diagram of a synovial joint, identify the layer indicated by the arrows.
Synovial membrane
True or False: Synovial joints are freely movable and are therefore classified as diarthrotic joints.
True
The word root ______ means ring and the word root ______ means bag or purse.
anul-; burs-
The bone ends within a ______ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.
fibrous
Bending your elbow is an example of ______ a joint.
flexing
The synovial ______ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints.
membrane
A freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is classified as a ______ joint.
synovial
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ______ cartilage.
articular
A functional junction between bones is called a(n) ______.
articulation
In general, wherever two bones come together, a junction called a(n) ______ is formed.
articulation or joint
The joint, or articular, ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
capsule
Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ______ each other.
closer to
There are six major types of synovial joints based on their shapes and the movements they permit: ball-and-socket joints, ______ joints, plane joints, ______ joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints.
condylar; hinge
Synovial joints are freely movable, and therefore are classified as ______ joints.
diarthrotic
Straightening a bent knee is an example of ______ of a joint.
extension
The movement that results in straightening a bent elbow is an example of ______.
extension or extending
Extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ______.
farther from each other
The hip joint consists of the head of the ______ and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
femur
The elbow joint contains two articulations. The articulation between the trochlea and trochlear notch is a ______ joint.
hinge
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The articulating surface that is in the shape of a "ball" is the head of the ______. The "socket" is formed by the ______ cavity of the scapula.
humerus; glenoid
The rounded head of the ______ articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the ______ to form the shoulder joint.
humerus; scapula
Extending a joint beyond anatomical position is referred to as ______ of a joint.
hyperextension
When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______.
insertion
The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
joint capsule
The menisci found in some synovial joints are attached to the ______ at the periphery of the joint cavity.
joint capsule
Changes in collagen in joints due to aging results in ______.
joint stiffness
The femoropatellar articulation is part of the ______ joint.
knee
At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ______ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.
ligaments
Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called ______.
menisci
Hyperextension is ______.
movement beyond anatomical position
The synovial membrane synthesizes ______.
synovial fluid
In the knee joint, the femur articulates with the ______ and the ______.
tibia; patella
The knee joint includes two articulations. Indicate the articulations that are part of the knee joint.
- Articulation between the femur and the patella - Articulation between the tibia and the femur
What two bony structures articulate to make the shoulder joint?
- Glenoid cavity of the scapula - Head of the humerus
The hip joint is an articulation between what two bony structures?
- Head of femur - Acetabulum of pelvis
Choose all the features of the synovial membrane.
- It may have villi, folds, and projections - It can store adipose tissue. - It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. - It is only a few cells thick.
Choose the three components of a typical synovial joint.
- Synovial membrane - Joint capsule - Articular cartilage
The inner layer of a joint capsule is the ______ ______, a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue.
synovial; membrane
Identify three types of synovial joints.
- Condylar - Ball-and-socket - Plane
Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid.
- It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage. - It moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in the joint. - It contains stem cells.
Where is articular cartilage located?
Covering bone ends in a synovial joint
Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint. Instructions
A : Fibrous capsule B : Synovial membrane C : Articular cartilage D : Synovial fluid
What type of joint connect bones with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage?
A cartilaginous joint
What type of articulation forms between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus in the elbow joint?
A plane articulation
Match the word part with the correct definition.
Anul- : Ring Burs- : Bag, purse Glen- : Joint socket
True or false: The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion.
False
What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging?
Joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure
Describe the location of synovial membranes.
Lining joint capsules
Which of these structures functions to lubricate the joint and nourish the structures in the joint? It also contains stem cells for tissue repair.
Synovial fluid
A movement which decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called ______.
flexion or flexing
Match the articulating surfaces to the correct articulation in the elbow joint.
Articulation between humerus and ulna : Trochlea of the humerus / Trochlear notch of the ulna Articulation between humerus and radius : Capitulum of the humerus / Fovea of the radius
A movement which increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint.
extension