chapter 8 joints

Osteoarthritis is considered __________. a bacterial infection of joints an inflamed bursa an autoimmune disorder that damages synovial joints a degenerative joint disease, or "wear-and-tear arthritis"

a degenerative joint disease, or "wear-and-tear arthritis"

Which of the following forces to the knee would be the most dangerous? a force that tears the menisci free a lateral force to the extended knee a twisting force to a hyperextended knee a vertical blow

a lateral force to the extended knee

Which of the following movements is an example of circumduction movement? pointing the toes a pitcher winding up to throw the ball raising the arm laterally lateral bending of the trunk away from the body midline

a pitcher winding up to throw the ball

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body is called __________. abduction flexion adduction extension inversion

adduction

Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable? synarthrosis synovial diarthrosis amphiarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

Which ligaments prevent backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur? tibial collateral ligaments popliteal ligaments fibular collateral ligaments patella cruciate ligaments

cruciate ligaments

Based upon structural classification, what type of joint is a suture? amphiarthrotic joint cartilaginous joint fibrous joint synarthrotic joint

fibrous joint

What action(s) may take place at the elbow from its current position? flex and pronate pronate only circumduct and pronate extension only

flex and pronate

Decreasing the angle between bones is called __________. adduction extension flexion hyperextension abduction

flexion

Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones? flexion supination extension adduction

flexion

If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________. medial rotation of an extended knee lateral rotation of an extended knee forward sliding of the tibia on the femur forward sliding of the femur

forward sliding of the tibia on the femur

What type of motion occurs at a synovial joint when one flat bone surface slips over another without appreciable angulation or rotation? flexion of the elbow gliding of ribs on the articular facet of a vertebra rotation of the shoulder opposition of the fingers

gliding of ribs on the articular facet of a vertebra

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid? protection of articular cartilages lubrication shock absorption increase of osmotic pressure within joint

increase of osmotic pressure within joint

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward is called __________. eversion protraction inversion dorsiflexion plantar flexion

inversion

What type of motion is unique to mammals and is characterized by the posterior teeth gliding from side to side in a grinding motion? lateral excursion lateral incursion medial excursion medial incursion

lateral excursion

Sprains indicate damage to what joint component? ligaments bones tendons muscles

ligaments

Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions? sacral lumbar thoracic cervical

lumbar

Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer? bursitis Lyme disease gouty arthritis rheumatoid arthritis

lyme disease

What percent of their length can ligaments be stretched before they snap? 6% 10% 50% 100%

6%

A synovial joint is an example of a(n) __________. diarthrosis synarthrosis syndesmosis symphysis amphiarthrosis

A synovial joint is an example of a(n) __________. diarthrosis

In a uniaxial articulation, __________. movement can occur in only one axis movement can occur in only two axes movement can occur in all three axes only circumduction is possible no movement is possible

movement can occur in only one axis

Which of the following are correctly paired? uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes biaxial joint; permits movement in one plane and around one axis nonaxial movement; no movement

multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes

As one of four major knee ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is critical to knee stability. Patients with a slightly injured ACL may complain that their knee "wants to give-out from under them." Which of the following is a rehabilitation procedure that would most likely benefit this type of patient? knee replacement arthroscopic surgery extensive bed rest muscle strengthening exercises

muscle strengthening exercises

The thumb joint indicated by D allows which of the following special movements? inversion dorsiflexion elevation opposition

opposition

What motion is ONLY possible at the thumb? adduction extension flexion opposition

opposition

When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________. flexion retraction supination opposition dorsiflexion

opposition

All of the following are structural classifications of joints EXCEPT __________. fibrous synovial cartilaginous osseous

osseous

The release of the enzyme metalloproteinase is thought to contribute to the development of __________. sprains bursitis osteoarthritis gout

osteoarthritis

Which of the following are correctly matched? bursitis; uric acid crystals in the joint tendonitis; inflammation of the joint gout; inflammation of the tendons osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease

osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease

A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. osteoblasts osteoclasts chondroblasts osteocytes

osteoclasts

Which factor is likely to most likely to protect against shoulder dislocation? rotator cuff muscles glenohumeral ligaments glenoid labrum biceps brachii

rotator cuff muscles

The joint at the base of the thumb is an example of a(n) __________ joint. saddle pivot ellipsoidal hinge gliding

saddle

Why it is easier for a fall or blow to cause a dislocated shoulder injury than for a comparable fall or blow to cause a dislocated hip injury? relative joint location lower center of gravity less articular cartilage shallower joint socket

shallower joint socket

The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the __________ joint. elbow shoulder hip knee wrist

shoulder

Which joint has most notably sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement? elbow ankle knee shoulder

shoulder

Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D? simple columnar epithelium hyaline cartilage simple squamous epithelium dense irregular connective tissue

simple squamous epithelium

What condition results when the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn? subluxation tendonitis bursitis sprain

sprain

Which of the following is NOT a synovial joint? glenohumeral joint acromioclavicular joint talocrural joint sternocostal joint

sternocostal joint (Joints between the ribs and sternum are connected by cartilage and are thus cartilaginous joints.)

An immovable joint is a(n) __________. syndesmosis diarthrosis synarthrosis symphysis amphiarthrosis

synarthrosis

The epiphyseal growth plate is an example of a(n) __________. symphysis synchondrosis amphiarthrosis gomphosis

synchondrosis (The growth plate is composed of hyaline cartilage.)

Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement? A B D E

A (Ball-and-socket joints, as found in the shoulder and hip, are capable of multiaxial movement in all three planes.)

The Focus Figure of Synovial Joints has examined a number of types of movement and the joints in which they are located. Review the types you have studied, and select a true statement or characteristic of uniaxial movement in a representative joint. View Available Hint(s) The dancer's leg is lifted to a ballet bar. A person bends over, and his or her vertebral processes move past one another. A person curls his or her fingers, and the phalanges flex at the interphalangeal joints. A golfer swings at the ball on the tee.

A person curls his or her fingers, and the phalanges flex at the interphalangeal joints.

Which joint moves only by a uniaxial movement around its own axis? B D E F

B (The radioulnar joint is a pivot joint in which movement of the radius is limited to rotation along its own long axis.)

Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis? A B C D

B (articular cartilage)

Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths? Bursae serve as cushioning fat pads between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths reduce friction between adjacent structures. Bursae are only found in synovial joints, while tendon sheaths are only found in fibrous joints. Bursae contain a thin film of synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths lack synovial fluid altogether. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.

Which of the following is a hinge joint? A B E F

F (Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movement.)

Why are there NO blood vessels inside the joint cavity of synovial joints? Blood would prevent production of articular cartilage. Movement would damage the delicate blood vessels. Blood would pool and limit the movement of the joint. Hyaluronic acid would react with blood.

Movement would damage the delicate blood vessels.

Part complete Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint? Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint. Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint. The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.

The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.

"Water on the knee" is caused by _________. dislocation of the knee fracture of the patella bursitis of the prepatellar bursa torn menisci

bursitis of the prepatellar bursa

The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the __________. bulky hip and thigh muscles surrounding the joint rotator cuff muscles muscle tendons that cross the joint deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments

deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments

Features of a freely moving joint. Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint? synarthrotic amphiarthrotic diarthrotic synovial

diarthrotic

Which of the following are correctly paired? synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity syndesmosis; bony edges interlock suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments

synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

A ligamentous connection, such as that between the bones of the lower leg, is called a __________. synchondrosis symphysis gomphosis synostosis syndesmosis

syndesmosis

Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity? fibrous cartilaginous synovial diarthrosis

synovial

Weeping lubrication is caused by the __________ in a synovial joint. menisci bursae presence of reinforcing ligaments synovial fluid

synovial fluid

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity the shape of the articulating surfaces the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint

the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity

Which of the following joints has/have a joint cavity? the distal joint between the tibia and the fibula gomphoses the knee sutures between the skull bones

the knee (The knee is a synovial joint and, therefore, is composed of a space filled with synovial fluid between the bones that form the joint.)

Which of the following factors would NOT provide stability to a synovial joint? good muscle tone in those muscles that cross the joint ligaments binding the bones together the presence of tendon sheaths and bursae well-fitting articular surfaces between the bones involved in the synovial joint

the presence of tendon sheaths and bursae

Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion? the hip joint the tibiofemoral joint the temporomandibular joint the glenohumeral joint

the temporomandibular joint

The "superstabilizer" of the shoulder joint is the __________. glenoid labrum glenohumeral ligaments the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii the head of the humerus

the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

What is the function of bursae? to generate muscle tone to increase joint stability to reduce friction to nourish articular cartilage

to reduce friction

Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius. True False

true (The radius articulates with the humerus at the capitulum. However, the humeroulnar joint is responsible for the hinge-like flexion and extension at the elbow. The radius slides over the ulna, creating pronation and supination in the forearm.)